A large conglomerate centered on the chemical industry, built by Noguchi Jun on the back of Nippon Nitrogen Fertilizer (founded in 1908). One of the so-called new zaibatsu, it was also called the "Noguchi Conglomerate." The formation of this conglomerate began in 1923 (Taisho 12) with the diversification of operations that followed the success of Japan's first synthetic ammonia (synthetic ammonium sulfate) production, but it really took off as Japan's economy shifted to military industrialization, with gunpowder, rayon, oils and fats, coal liquefaction for military demand, and light metals, following the Manchurian Incident (1931) and the re-ban on gold exports (1931). After 1933 (Showa 8), it also strengthened its ties with the Industrial Bank of Japan (now Mizuho Bank, Mizuho Corporate Bank) and the Bank of Korea. The group's bases were in Minamata, Kumamoto Prefecture, Nobeoka, Miyazaki Prefecture, and Hungnam, Korea, which had developed abundant and inexpensive hydroelectric power, and its major subsidiaries included Korea Nitrogen Fertilizer, Asahi Bemberg Silk, Nippon Chisso Explosives, Chosinko Hydroelectric Power, and Korea Coal Industries. By 1941, the group had grown to 30 directly-controlled subsidiaries and paid-in capital of 350 million yen, but after Japan's defeat in World War II, it lost its overseas assets in Korea, where it had been a major base, and the group collapsed. After the war, the Minamata factory was restored in 1950 and restarted as New Japan Nitrogen Fertilizer, changing its name to Chisso in 1965. [Masahiro Shitaya] "Reader on the New Conglomerates" by Haruki Miyake (1937, Shunjusha) " "The History of the Japanese Chemical Industry" by Masahiro Shimotani (1982, Ochanomizu Shobo) " "Showa History and the New Zaibatsu" by Masaru Udagawa (Kyoikusha Rekishi Shinsho) [Reference item] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
野口遵(したがう)が日本窒素肥料(1908創設)をもとに築き上げた化学工業を中心とする一大コンツェルン。いわゆる新興財閥の一つで「野口コンツェルン」ともよばれた。同コンツェルン形成の端緒は1923年(大正12)のわが国最初の合成アンモニア(合成硫安)製造の成功による多角的展開によって与えられたが、本格的確立は満州事変(1931)、金輸出再禁止(1931)以降の火薬、人絹、油脂、あるいは軍需依存の石炭液化、軽金属事業など日本経済の軍事工業化への移行のなかで行われた。また1933年(昭和8)以降は日本興業銀行(現みずほ銀行、みずほコーポレート銀行)、朝鮮銀行などとの結び付きを強めた。同コンツェルンの拠点は熊本県水俣(みなまた)、宮崎県延岡(のべおか)および豊富低廉な水力発電を開発しえた朝鮮興南(こうなん)であり、主要子会社としては朝鮮窒素肥料、旭ベンベルグ絹糸、日窒火薬、長津江(ちょうしんこう)水電、朝鮮石炭工業などがあった。41年当時で直系子会社30社、払込資本金3億5000万円にまで発展したが、第二次世界大戦敗戦によって、主要な拠点であった朝鮮などの在外資産を喪失し、コンツェルンは瓦解(がかい)した。 戦後は1950年(昭和25)に水俣工場を復旧、新日本窒素肥料として再出発し、65年社名をチッソとした。 [下谷政弘] 『三宅晴輝著『新興コンツェルン読本』(1937・春秋社)』▽『下谷政弘著『日本化学工業史論』(1982・御茶の水書房)』▽『宇田川勝著『昭和史と新興財閥』(教育社歴史新書)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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