A collection of ancient Greek fables that portray various aspects of human life through the world of animals and other things. It is said to have been written by Aesop. It is likely that the fables included in his biography were compiled separately from the original. A specific collection of animal fables, known as the "Tales of Aesop," already existed in the 5th century BC, and was loved by comic poets and orators. These stories are based on the lives of ordinary people, and if Homer's epics are the literature of heroes and aristocrats, these are the literature of the downtrodden and weak. They depict human life with a clear eye, unrelated to the standards required by the ideology and religion of the time, and in this respect, too, a rationalistic thinking that symbolizes the Greek spirit is evident. They are the crystallization of the wisdom of the common people for living, and for that reason they were widely loved. As the popularity of these animal fables increased, other fables, as well as foreign fables from Africa and Asia Minor, were incorporated into Aesop's collection of fables. The first known compiler of fables is believed to have been Demetrios, a pupil of Aristotle, but this has not survived. The oldest extant Greek text dates from the 2nd or 3rd century AD. From the beginning, it appears to have been written in familiar, clear prose, but there were several attempts to convert it into verse. A representative example is the allegorical poems of Babrios, written in the 2nd century. Although Aesop's fables were introduced in Rome at an early stage, Phaedrus published a collection of fables in Latin verse in the early Imperial period. These poems played a major role in the transmission of Aesop's collection throughout the Byzantine and Medieval periods in Europe. In this way, Aesop's fables are not only a part of the Greek literary heritage, but also received high praise in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, and came to occupy a place as a piece of world literature. In Japan, "The Fabulus of Aesop" was already published in Roman letters at the end of the 16th century, followed by "The Tales of Isoho" in kana. Although Aesop's fables did not seem to have become common throughout the Edo period, they were reintroduced in the early Meiji period through English translations, and became so popular that they were used in elementary school textbooks. Today, they are so familiar to Japanese people that it is hard to believe they are foreign stories, especially from ancient Greece. From the way they have been accepted in Japan, it can be seen that Aesop's fables have maintained an unprecedented longevity and are based on a deep foundation common to all as world literature. [Takao Hashimoto] "Aesop's Fables, translated by Mitsuo Yamamoto (Iwanami Bunko)" ▽ "Aesop's Fables, written by Kazuo Watanabe, two volumes (1982, Shogakukan)" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
動物その他の世界に仮託して人間生活の諸相を描いた古代ギリシアの寓話(ぐうわ)集。アイソポスの作と伝えられる。彼の伝記のなかに収められていた寓話が、そこから独立して一つにまとめられたものであろう。すでに紀元前5世紀に「アイソポスの物語」として特定の動物寓話集が存在していたらしく、喜劇詩人や弁論家に愛好された。これらの物語は、一般民衆の生活を基盤としていて、ホメロスの叙事詩が英雄、貴族の文学とすれば、これは虐げられた弱者の文学である。時代の思想や宗教の求める規範とはかかわりのないところで、覚めた目で人間生活が描かれ、この点にもギリシア人の精神を象徴するような合理主義的思考が現れている。庶民の生きるための知恵の結晶したもので、それだけに広く親しまれたのであろう。この動物寓話の人気が高まるにつれて、これ以外の寓話、アフリカや小アジアの外来の寓話もアイソポスの寓話集のなかに組み込まれていった。伝承上の最初の寓話集の編集者はアリストテレス門下のデメトリオスとされるが、伝存していない。現在伝わっている最古のギリシア語テキストは紀元後2~3世紀のものである。最初から、親しみやすい明快な散文で書かれていたようであるが、これを韻文に直す試みも何度か行われた。その代表的な例は2世紀のバブリオスの寓話詩である。また、ローマでは早くから紹介されていたが、帝政初期にファエドルスがラテン語の詩形で寓話集を発表した。これらの詩は、ビザンティン時代とヨーロッパ中世を通じて、イソップ集の伝承に大きな役割を果たした。 このようにしてアイソポスの寓話集は、ギリシア民族の文学遺産だけにとどまらず、中世を経て、ルネサンス期における高い評価を得て、世界文学の一つとしての地位を占めるようになった。わが国ではすでに16世紀の末にローマ字で印刷された『エソポのファブラス』が出版され、続いて仮名草子として『伊曽保(いそほ)物語』も出版された。江戸時代を通じて、一般的にはならなかったようであるが、明治初期に、英語版の翻訳を通して再度イソップ物語が紹介され、小学校教科書に用いられるほど普及することになった。現在では、外国の、しかも古代ギリシアの話とは思われないほどに、日本人の心に身近な物語として親しまれている。わが国での受容のあり方からみても、アイソポスの寓話集が他に例をみない長い生命力を保ち、世界文学としての万人共通の深い基盤のうえにあることがうかがわれる。 [橋本隆夫] 『山本光雄訳『イソップ寓話集』(岩波文庫)』▽『渡辺和雄著『イソップ寓話集』全二冊(1982・小学館)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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