Introspection

Japanese: 内観 - ないかん(英語表記)introspection
Introspection

A method of psychological research. It has been established since the French philosopher Descartes established the dualism of matter and mind, and claimed that the method of studying matter is external observation, and the method of studying mind is introspection (internal observation). It is also called introspection or self-observation. It can be divided into simultaneous introspection, which observes ongoing mental processes, and retrospective introspection, which recalls the process later. The German constructivism of Bundt and the Würzburg School placed importance on introspection, but the American behaviorism of B. Watson excluded the subject's mental processes (consciousness) from the subject of scientific psychology on the grounds that the experimenter cannot objectively observe them. However, subjective consciousness can be introspected and can become material for public research through verbal reports, so excluding it would narrow the field of psychological research itself. In phenomenological research, as well as in the fields of social psychology and clinical psychology, information from the subject's introspection is often sought, and recently various states of consciousness themselves have become the subject of research.

[Utsugi Tamotsu]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

心理学の研究法の一つ。フランスの哲学者デカルトが物質と精神の二元論をたてて、物質の研究法は外部観察であり、精神の研究法は内観(内部観察)であると主張して以来定着したもので、内省、自己観察ともいう。現在進行中の心的過程を観察する同時的内観と、あとから想起する追想的内観とに分けることができる。ドイツのブントの構成主義やウュルツブルク学派は内観法を重視したが、アメリカのB・ワトソンの行動主義は、被験者の心的過程(意識)は実験者が客観的に観察しえないものだという理由で、科学的心理学の対象から除外した。しかし、主観的な意識は内観しうるものであり、言語報告によって公共的な研究の素材になりうるものであるから、これを除外するのは心理学的研究の領域を自ら狭めることになる。現象学的研究はもちろん、社会心理学、臨床心理学などの領域でも、被験者の内観による情報を求めることが多く、近ごろでは意識のさまざまな状態そのものが研究の対象になっている。

[宇津木保]

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