Dvoryanstvo (English spelling) дворянство/dvoryanstvo Russian

A general term for Russian nobles (doboryanins). Initially, feudal lords, such as knyazhs, boyars, and monks, supported their household members, including non-free people, as soldiers and assistants in managing their estates, but from around the 13th century, the upper classes rose in status and formed noble families. They were given fiefs (pomestier) by their masters in return for their military service. In the 15th and 16th centuries, they helped the Grand Duke of Moscow unify Russia, and in the latter half of the 16th century, they became a powerful social class in the Grand Duchy. At the end of the 17th century, the distinction between them and boyars disappeared, and the term came to refer to all aristocrats. They became the exclusive owners of serfs, and in the 18th century, they became integrated into the power of the Tsar, marking their golden age. They retained their influence even after the emancipation of the serfs, but lost their privileges during the Russian Revolution and disappeared.

[Yukio Ito]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

ロシアの士族（ドボリャニン）の総称。当初、クニャージ、ボヤール、修道院など聖俗の封建領主が、非自由人を含む家人層を従兵、所領管理の補佐人などとして養っていたが、そのなかの上層のものが13世紀ごろから、地位の上昇によって士族身分を形成した。彼らは主人から軍役の代償として封地（ポメスチエ）を与えられた。15、16世紀モスクワ大公のロシア統一を助け、16世紀後半に大公国の有力な社会層となった。17世紀末にはボヤールとの区別がなくなり、貴族一般をさすようになった。農奴の独占的所有者となり、18世紀にはツァーリ権力と一体になり、彼らの黄金時代となった。農奴解放後も勢力をもっていたが、ロシア革命によりその特権を喪失して消滅した。

［伊藤幸男］

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