City League - Städtebund; city league

Japanese: 都市同盟 - としどうめい（英語表記）Städtebund; city league

Although it can also be seen in ancient Greece and Rome, it is generally an alliance formed between Italian and German cities in the late Middle Ages. The rise of cities with the revival of commerce created conflict between the emperor, feudal lords, and city citizens. In the process, citizens' sense of independence grew stronger, and cities with common interests began to unite. The formation of the "Lombard League" in northern Italy in the late 12th century is important in that it had a national impetus. In rebellion against the invasion of Italy by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I (Redbeard), 24 cities formed an alliance, and their citizen army defeated the imperial army in 1176. This victory promoted the development of northern Italian cities into autonomous cities. The movement to form German city leagues progressed rapidly in the 13th century. At first, city leagues were formed for economic reasons to secure trade, but with the advent of the Interregnum, city leagues emerged that aimed for the political unification of all of Germany in opposition to the polarization of the territorial states. The "League of Rhine Cities" was established in 1254, and was made up of over 100 cities, including Mainz, Worms, and Cologne, who held a conference to call for peace for the empire. Even after it was dissolved four years later, its ideas continued to carry on, giving rise to the Swabian League and the New Rhine Confederation in the second half of the 14th century, but they also succumbed to the domination of the territorial princes.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

古代ギリシア・ローマにもみられるが，一般には中世後期のイタリア，ドイツの諸都市間に結ばれた同盟。商業の復活に伴う都市の勃興は，皇帝，封建諸侯と都市市民の対立抗争を生んだ。この過程で市民の自立意識が強まり，利害を共通する都市間の結束が始るが，12世紀後半の北イタリアにおける「ロンバルディア同盟」の成立は民族的契機を内蔵している点で重要である。神聖ローマ皇帝フリードリヒ1世 (赤髯王) のイタリア侵略に反抗し，24都市が同盟を結び，その市民軍は 1176年皇帝軍を撃破した。この勝利が北イタリア諸都市の自治都市への発展を促進した。ドイツの都市同盟結成の動きは 13世紀に入り急速に進んだ。最初は交易の安全を求める経済的理由からの都市同盟であったが，大空位時代の出現によって領邦国家の分極化に対抗し，全ドイツの政治的統一を志向する都市同盟が出現した。 1254年成立の「ライン都市同盟」がそれで，マインツ，ウォルムス，ケルンなど百余の都市が参加し，同盟会議をもち，帝国の和平を求めた。4年間で解体したのちもその理念は継承され，14世紀後半にはシュワーベン同盟や新ライン同盟を生んだが，領邦君主の支配に屈した。

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