A viral infectious disease whose main symptom is diarrhea. It is a relatively new disease, having been reported in Europe and the US from the late 1930s to the early 1940s, but in Japan, diarrhea of unknown cause became widespread in Niigata and Yamagata prefectures around January 1948 (Showa 23), and spread nationwide in April and May. Localized epidemics were observed every year thereafter, but all were caused by the same virus, namely enterovirus, and incidence began to decrease around 1986, with almost no cases seen since 1983. Infectious diarrhea is mostly contracted by adults, and children under 10 years of age are rarely affected. It is prevalent from winter to summer, especially in March and April, but it often occurs in areas with poor environmental sanitation. The virus is found in the feces and vomit of patients and virus carriers, and is mixed into food and drink, causing oral infection. The incubation period is 2-8 days, but usually 2 or 3 days. Premonitory symptoms include loss of appetite, fatigue, borborygmus, and abdominal pain, and then diarrhea begins, occurring several times to a dozen times a day. Nausea and vomiting may occur, but fever is relatively rare. The stool is yellowish brown and watery, without any mucus or blood, but has a foul odor like rotting meat. The amount of stool is large (2 to 3 liters per day), causing dehydration. If these symptoms are mild, they will heal within four or five days, or at most within a week, but elderly or sick people may die from dehydration. In June 1953, there was a large diarrhea outbreak that affected about 6,000 people, mainly in Mobara City, Chiba Prefecture, and was called Mobara diarrhea. This was a typical waterborne infection caused by a virus different from infectious diarrhea, and it infected a wide range of people from young children to the elderly, with no deaths due to general food poisoning symptoms. In addition, diarrhea that is common in infants and children includes viral diarrhea caused by rotavirus and norovirus. [Noriaki Yanagishita] "Viral diarrhea and related diseases" edited by Hiroji Ushijima (1995, Shinko Medical Publishing) [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
下痢を主症状とするウイルス性の伝染病。比較的新しい疾患で、1930年代後半から40年代前半にかけて欧米で報告されたが、日本では1948年(昭和23)1月ごろに新潟と山形の両県で原因不明の下痢症が大流行し、4、5月には全国的に流行がみられた。その後も毎年局地的な流行が認められたが、いずれも同じウイルス、すなわちエンテロウイルスによるもので、61年ごろから減少し、63年以降はほとんど発生をみていない。 伝染性下痢症にかかるのはおもに成人で、10歳以下の小児はほとんど罹患(りかん)しない。流行季節は冬から夏にかけてで、とくに3、4月に流行するが、環境衛生の不良な地域に多く発生する。ウイルスは患者およびウイルス保有者の糞便(ふんべん)や吐物中に出て飲食物に混入し、経口感染する。潜伏期は2~8日であるが、普通2、3日。食欲不振、倦怠(けんたい)感、腹鳴、腹痛などの前駆症状があって1日数回から十数回に及ぶ下痢が始まる。悪心(おしん)や嘔吐(おうと)もあるが、発熱は比較的少ない。便の性状は黄褐色の水様便で、粘液や血液が混じることはないが、腐肉様の悪臭がある。また量が多く(1日2、3リットル)脱水症状がみられる。これらの症状は軽ければ4、5日、長くても約1週間で治癒するが、高齢者や病弱な人は脱水症状で死亡することもある。 なお、1953年6月に千葉県茂原(もばら)市を中心に約6000名に及ぶ下痢症の大流行があり、茂原下痢症とよばれたが、これは伝染性下痢症とは異なったウイルスによる典型的な水系感染で、幼年者から高齢者まで広範囲な感染がみられ、一般的な食中毒症状で、死亡者はなかった。また、乳幼児や小児に多くみられる下痢症には、ロタウイルスやノロウイルスなどによるウイルス性下痢症がある。 [柳下徳雄] 『牛島広治編『ウイルス性下痢症とその関連疾患』(1995・新興医学出版社)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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