British theoretical physicist. Born in Bristol, he initially studied electrical engineering and graduated from the University of Bristol in 1921. In 1925, he worked on statistical mechanics under R. Fowler, who invented the saddle-point method at Cambridge University. In 1926, he visited the Bohr Institute in Copenhagen, where he interacted with up-and-coming theorists under Bohr, including Heisenberg, and contributed to the development of quantum theory of radiation fields. He also discovered quantum statistics for electrons independently of Fermi. In 1928, Dirac derived a new relativistic wave equation describing electrons, known today as the "Dirac equation." Electron spin naturally appeared in this equation, but at the same time, a solution in which the electron's energy was negative also emerged. He assumed that this negative energy state was occupied entirely by electrons, and regarded it as the actual vacuum. If an electron in this "vacuum" is excited to positive energy, a hole appears in the position the electron originally occupied, and it behaves as if it had the same mass as an electron and a positive charge (hole theory). He regarded this as the antiparticle of an electron with a positive charge (positron), and in 1932 Anderson discovered the positron in cosmic rays. In 1933, Dirac and Schrödinger received the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of a new form of atomic theory. In 1932, he became Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University, where he developed the "multiple-time theory" that treats a system consisting of an electromagnetic field and several electrons in a relativistic manner. This theory was developed into the more general "super-multiple-time theory" by Tomonaga Shin'ichirō. He later went to the United States, and spent his later years at Florida State University. His "Principles of Quantum Mechanics" (1930) is considered one of the best textbooks on quantum mechanics. [Masakatsu Yamazaki] "Quantum Mechanics" by Dirac, translated by Tomonaga Shinichiro et al. (1968, Iwanami Shoten) [References] | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの理論物理学者。ブリストルに生まれ、初め電気工学を専攻。1921年ブリストル大学を卒業。1925年ケンブリッジ大学において鞍点(あんてん)法を考案したR・ファウラーの下で統計力学の仕事に携わった。1926年コペンハーゲンのボーア研究所を訪れ、ハイゼンベルクらボーア門下の新進の理論家と交流し、放射場の量子論の発展に寄与する一方、フェルミとは独立に、電子に対する量子統計をみいだした。 1928年、今日「ディラック方程式」とよばれる電子を記述する新しい相対論的な波動方程式を導出した。この方程式には自然に電子のスピンが現れたが、同時に電子のエネルギーが負になる解も出現した。この負のエネルギー状態はすべて電子によって占められていると考え、これを現実の真空とみなした。もしこの「真空」から一つの電子が正のエネルギーに励起されると、電子がもと占めていた位置は孔(あな)があいたようになり、ちょうど質量が電子と同じで荷電が正であるようにふるまう(空孔理論(くうこうりろん))。これを正の電気をもった電子の反粒子(陽電子)とみなしたが、1932年アンダーソンは宇宙線の中からこの陽電子を発見した。1933年、ディラックはシュレーディンガーとともに新しい形式の原子理論の発見によりノーベル物理学賞を受けた。 1932年よりケンブリッジ大学数学科ルカス教授となり、電磁場といくつかの電子からなる体系を相対論的に扱った「多時間理論」を展開した。この理論は朝永振一郎(ともながしんいちろう)によってより一般的な「超多時間理論」に発展させられた。のちにアメリカに渡り、晩年はフロリダ州立大学で過ごした。『量子力学の原理』(1930)は量子力学の教科書のなかでももっとも優れたものの一つとされている。 [山崎正勝] 『ディラック著、朝永振一郎他訳『量子力学』(1968・岩波書店)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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