The fundamental equation for electrons proposed by Paul Dirac as satisfying both the requirements of quantum mechanics and special relativity. It is believed that not only electrons but also elementary particles with spin 1/2 generally satisfy this equation. In its most standard form, the Dirac equation for a free electron can be written as follows: where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, h is the Planck constant, m is the mass of the electron, and p is the momentum operator ( h / 2πi )∂/ ∂x i . α and β are 4x4 Hermitian matrices, also known as Dirac matrices, that satisfy the following relationship: Correspondingly, the wave function ψ also has four components and can be expressed as a function of ( c t , x , y , z ), from which the hyperfine structure of the spectral lines and the spin of the electron can be derived. However, there is also the possibility that the electron can fall into a state of negative kinetic energy. This issue was resolved by the hole theory proposed by Dirac, which predicted and confirmed the existence of the positron, thus establishing the validity of the Dirac equation. The Dirac equation (1) Multiplying by and using (2), we see that ψ must satisfy the Klein–Gordon equation. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
量子論と特殊相対論の要求を両方とも満たすものとして,ポール・ディラックが提唱した電子の基礎方程式。電子だけでなく,一般にスピン 1/2の素粒子はこの方程式を満足すると考えられている。最も標準的な表現では,自由電子に対するディラック方程式は次のように書くことができる。 ただし,c は真空中の光速度,h はプランク定数,m は電子の質量,p は運動量演算子(h/2πi)∂/∂xiを表す。αおよびβは 4行 4列のエルミート行列で,ディラック行列とも呼ばれ,次の関係を満足する。 これに対応して,波動関数ψも四つの成分をもち,(ct,x,y,z)の関数で表現され,スペクトル線の超微細構造と電子のスピンとを導き出すことができる。しかし,電子が負の運動エネルギーの状態に落ち込む可能性も生じる。この点はディラックの提唱した空孔理論によって解決され,かえって陽電子の存在を予言し確認されることになり,ディラック方程式の正当性が確立された。ディラック方程式 (1)に をかけて (2)を用いれば,ψがクライン=ゴルドン方程式を満たさねばならないことがわかる。 出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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