A Swedish physical chemist. He collaborated with Ostwald and van't Hoff to develop a new field in "physical chemistry." He was born on February 19th as the second son of a man who had been a land manager near Uppsala and had been a member of the board of directors of Uppsala University. He entered Uppsala University at the age of 17 and eventually chose physics as the topic of his doctoral thesis, but he did not get along with his supervisor, so he moved to Stockholm in 1881. There he studied the electrical conductivity of electrolyte solutions, which he submitted as his doctoral thesis to Uppsala University in 1884. In this thesis, he had already developed a unique theory of ionization, that is, the theory that electrolytes are dissociated into ions in water, but he was deeply disappointed that it did not receive high praise. At the time, the unconventional idea of ion dissociation was "neither chemistry nor physics." It was Ostwald the Elder, who was working with van't Hoff to develop a new field called "physical chemistry," and who quickly recognized its value and importance and introduced it to the world. Thus, Arrhenius, along with Ostwald and van't Hoff, formed the "ionists trio" and worked to popularize and promote the ion theory. As one of the central figures of the Leipzig School, he devoted himself to the expansion and strengthening of physical chemistry. In 1895, he was appointed professor of physics at the Stockholm University of Technology, and served as its rector from 1896 to 1905. During this time, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903 for his "important contribution to the progress of chemistry through the theory of ionization." This was six years before Ostwald, who had been the first to recognize and introduce Arrhenius to the world, received the Nobel Prize in 1909. Arrhenius's idea of ion dissociation would eventually be developed into the strong electrolyte theory of NJ Bjerrum (1879-1958), Debye, and Hückel. In 1905, after declining an invitation from the University of Berlin, Arrhenius became head of the Department of Physical Chemistry at the newly established Nobel Institute, a position he held until his death on 2 October 1927. Another achievement that has immortalized Arrhenius is the proposal of the so-called Arrhenius law, which describes the relationship between the rate of chemical reactions and temperature. In his study of the "rate of conversion of sucrose by acids" in 1889, in which he argued that the rate of reaction increases exponentially with temperature, he introduced the concept of activation, or activation energy, which paved the way for the systematization of modern reaction rate theory. In deriving the relationship between reaction rate and temperature, he adopted the theory of chemical equilibrium formulated by van't Hoff. This method of relating rate processes to equilibrium problems was later developed into the absolute reaction rate theory of Eyring et al. In the last 25 years of his life, Arrhenius' interests extended to geology, meteorology, cosmology, and even immunology and biology, and he tried to interpret these fields using the laws of contemporary physics and chemistry, and even theoretical chemistry (physical chemistry) that he had pioneered. He attempted to establish a cosmology that was consistent with the first law (law of conservation of energy) and second law (law of increasing entropy) of thermodynamics, which had only just been established at that time, and he even considered the existence of nebulae that experience a process of decreasing entropy. [Tsurutaro Nakagawa] "Historical Changes in the Scientific View of the Universe" by Arrhenius, translated by Torahiko Terada (Iwanami Bunko) [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
スウェーデンの物理化学者。オストワルト、ファント・ホッフらに協力して「物理化学」の新領域を開拓した。2月19日、ウプサラ付近の土地管理人でウプサラ大学の理事になったこともある父の二男として生まれる。17歳でウプサラ大学に入学し、やがて学位論文のテーマに物理学を選んだが、指導教官とあわず、1881年にストックホルムへ移った。そこで電解質溶液の電気伝導度の研究を行い、1884年に学位論文としてウプサラ大学に提出した。この論文で彼はすでに独特の電離説、すなわち電解質が水中でイオンに解離しているとする説を展開していたが、高い評価を得られず、深く失望した。イオン解離説というような破天荒な考えは、当時「化学でもなければ物理学でもなかった」のである。その価値と重要性をいち早く評価し、世に紹介したのは、まさにそのころファント・ホッフと協力して「物理化学」という新領域を開拓しつつあった大オストワルトであった。こうしてアレニウスはオストワルト、ファント・ホッフと「イオン主義者」ionists三人組を構成し、イオン説の普及、宣伝に努めるとともに、ライプツィヒ学派の中心人物の一人として、物理化学の拡大、強化に献身することとなった。やがて1895年ストックホルム工科大学の物理学の教授に任命され、1896年から1905年まで同大学学長の任にあった。この間1903年にはその「電離説による化学の進歩への重大な貢献」に対してノーベル化学賞が授与された。彼をいち早く評価して世に紹介したオストワルトの受賞(1909)に先だつこと6年である。アレニウスのイオン解離の思想は、やがてビエルムN. J. Bjerrum(1879―1958)、デバイ、ヒュッケルらの強電解質理論へと展開していくことになる。1905年アレニウスはベルリン大学からの招きを辞退したあと、同年に新設されたノーベル研究所の物理化学部長となり、1927年10月2日の死去までこの地位にあった。 アレニウスの名を不朽にしているもう一つの業績は、化学反応速度と温度の関係についての、いわゆるアレニウスの式の提唱である。1889年の「酸によるショ糖の転化速度」の研究で、反応速度が温度とともに指数関数的に増大することを論ずるなかで、いわゆる活性化、あるいは活性化エネルギーの概念を導入したが、これは現代反応速度理論の体系化への道を開くものとなった。彼は反応速度と温度の関係を導くにあたって、ファント・ホッフが定式化した化学平衡の理論を採用した。速度過程を平衡状態の問題に連関させるこの手法は、のちにアイリングらの絶対反応速度理論へと発展していく。晩年の25年間、アレニウスの興味は地学、気象学、宇宙論、さらには免疫学から生物学にまで及び、これらの領域を、当代の物理学と化学、さらにいうならば自らの開拓した理論化学(物理化学)の諸法則により解釈しようとした。彼は、当時ようやく確立した熱力学の第一法則(エネルギー保存則)、第二法則(エントロピー増大則)と整合性を保つ宇宙論の樹立を企図し、エントロピー減少過程のある星雲の存在を考察したりした。 [中川鶴太郎] 『アレニウス著、寺田寅彦訳『史的に見たる科学的宇宙観の変遷』(岩波文庫)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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