A function expressed as y = ax + b (a ≠ 0) where a and b are constants. In particular, if the constant b is 0, y is proportional (directly proportional) to x. The constant term b represents the value of y when the value of x is 0. In addition, for the coefficient a of x, if the values of y corresponding to any values of x, x1 and x2 ( x1 ≠ x2 ), are y1 and y2 , respectively, then a is always a=(y2 - y1 )/( x2 - x1 ) The set of points (x, y) that satisfy the equation y = ax + b (a ≠ 0), in other words, the graph of this linear function is a straight line that passes through two points (0, b) and (1, a + b). If this line is l, then l is not parallel to either the x-axis or the y-axis. Furthermore, l slopes upward to the right when a is positive (slower to the right when a is negative), which corresponds to the fact that as x increases, y always increases (always decreases). a is called the slope (gradient) of the line l, and b is called the intercept (y-intercept). l can be thought of as the graph of y = ax translated by b along the y-axis, or -b/a along the x-axis. Also, if the angle that l makes with the positive direction of the x-axis is α, then a=tanα holds. For example, if the speed of sound in air at a temperature of x℃ is y meters per second, then y=0.6x+331 holds approximately. This is the relationship of a linear function. [Tsuneo Uetake] [Reference item] |©Shogakukan "> Graph of the linear function y = ax + b (a ≠ 0) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
a、bを定数とするときy=ax+b(a≠0)で表される関数をいう。とくに、定数bが0であれば、yはxに比例(正比例)する。定数項bは、xの値が0のときのyの値を表す。また、xの係数aについては、任意のxの値x1、x2(x1≠x2)に対応するyの値をそれぞれy1、y2とすれば、つねに 方程式y=ax+b(a≠0)を満たす点(x,y)の集合、すなわち、この一次関数のグラフは2点(0,b)、(1,a+b)を通る直線である。この直線をlとすれば、lはx軸にもy軸にも平行でない。また、lはaが正のときは右上がり(負のときは右下がり)となり、このことは、xが増加すれば、yがつねに増加する(つねに減少する)ことに相当する。aは直線lの傾き(勾配(こうばい))、bは切片(せっぺん)(y切片)とよばれる。lはy=axのグラフを、y軸の方向にbだけ平行移動したもの、あるいはx軸の方向に-b/aだけ平行移動したものと考えられる。 また、lがx軸の正の方向とでつくる角をαとすればa=tanαが成り立つ。たとえば、気温x℃のときの空気中の音の速さを毎秒yメートルとすれば、だいたいy=0.6x+331が成り立つ。これは一次関数の関係となっている。 [植竹恒男] [参照項目] |©Shogakukan"> 一次関数y=ax+b(a≠0)のグラフ 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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