The industry that processes wood and manufactures various wooden products (excluding furniture). In addition to the long history of lumber and wood product processing, the development of various adhesives has led to the development of highly processed products such as plywood, laminated lumber, particle board, fiberboard, and flooring, as well as the industry that uses chemical treatments to treat wood with preservatives, termites, and insects, which are opening up new fields. In the "Table of Industrial Statistics," the various manufacturing industries that make up the wood industry are classified as follows: "lumber and wood product manufacturing" as a material type, "joint timber, plywood, and building assembly material manufacturing" as an intermediate product type, and "wooden container manufacturing," "wooden footwear manufacturing," and "other wood products" as finished product types. As of 2008, the industry had a total of 7,999 establishments with 4 or more employees, a total of 112,641 employees, and a manufacturing shipment value of 2,564.8 billion yen, but it is also an industry dominated by small-scale operations with fewer than 100 employees. Demand for lumber, the raw material for the wood industry, increased sharply throughout the period of high economic growth, but peaked at 120 million cubic meters in 1973 (Showa 48), and has since declined. According to the "Wood Statistics," material demand had plummeted to 23.72 million cubic meters in 2010 (Heisei 22). The main factors behind the decline include the slump in housing construction, the decline in the rate of wooden construction (the percentage of wooden houses in the number of new housing starts), the decrease in floor space per house, and the increase in new materials replacing wood, as well as the shift in import structure from logs to products such as lumber and plywood. Dependence on imported materials has consistently increased during the period of high economic growth, with American lumber (America, Canada), North Sea lumber (Russia), and South Sea lumber (Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, etc.) dominating the three major imported materials. However, as the yen continued to appreciate in the 1980s, imports of logs decreased, while imports of lumber from the United States and Northern Europe, and plywood made in Indonesia, Malaysia, and China increased. The decline in log imports since the 1990s is also due to domestic circumstances in the log-exporting countries. For example, Indonesia and Malaysia have banned log exports in order to protect domestic resources and promote their domestic plywood industries, which has led to a decline in log imports to Japan. Furthermore, Russian North Sea timber is now in a competitive phase with demand from Japan, domestic Russian demand, and the rapidly growing demand from China. Meanwhile, Scandinavian timber is rapidly increasing its market share, as its high quality is highly regarded by structural laminated timber manufacturers and housing manufacturers. The growth of Scandinavian timber is taking market share away from American timber, which had previously been the main source of imported lumber. [Shinichi Tonomura and Masakazu Nagae] Lumber industryThe lumber industry, which processes logs into timber or planks, accounted for 37.4% of the total shipment value of the lumber industry in 2008, and most of the products are for residential construction. The number of mechanized lumber factories, which had been increasing since the end of the Meiji era except during the Second World War, peaked at 38,000 in 1948, but then mergers and closures progressed, resulting in a sharp decline to 22,200 in 1980 and 16,628 in 1985. In particular, the closure of small factories with a capacity of less than 37.5 kilowatts (three employees or less) was remarkable, and the competitiveness of imported lumber increased due to the rapid appreciation of the yen since the late 1980s, and the status of large factories with a capacity of more than 300 kilowatts located in coastal lumber industrial parks has increased. The value of shipments has fallen from 2.5 trillion yen in 1981 to 958.1 billion yen in 2008. [Shinichi Tonomura and Masakazu Nagae] Plywood IndustryThe plywood industry, based on the plywood manufacturing method invented by Asano Kichijiro (1859-1926) in 1907 (Meiji 40), grew rapidly after World War II as an export industry (one-third of production and one-half of production value were exported in the 1950s) using South Sea lumber (lauan) as its main raw material. In 1985 (Showa 60), production volume was 1,094 million square meters of ordinary plywood, 297 million square meters of special plywood made by secondary processing onto the surface of ordinary plywood, and the number of factories was 554, but in 2010 (Heisei 22), the production volume was 2,645,000 square meters of ordinary plywood, 645,000 square meters of special plywood, and the number of factories was 192, showing a significant decline. [Shinichi Tonomura and Masakazu Nagae] othersAdditionally, the production of wood chips used in plywood and pulp has remained relatively steady due to the increase in pulp demand accompanying the spread of office automation equipment. In 2010, there were 1,578 wood chip manufacturing plants, of which 1,226 plants were also involved in lumber and plywood production. The production volume was 5.41 million tons, of which only 44.6% was made from logs, with the rest made from recycled materials such as factory residues, forest residues, demolition materials, and scrap wood. Furthermore, wood chips made from forest residues and other materials are seen as promising fuel for biomass power generation. [Masakazu Nagae] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
木材を加工し、各種の木製品(家具を除く)を製造する工業のこと。長い歴史をもつ製材・木製品加工業に加えて、各種接着剤の開発によって発達した合板、集成材、削片板(パーティクルボード)、繊維板(ファイバーボード)、フローリングなど加工度の高い製品の製造業や、薬剤処理による木材防腐・防蟻(ぼうぎ)・防虫加工を施す工業が新分野を切り開いている。『工業統計表』では、素材型として「製材業・木製品製造業」を、中間財型として「造作材・合板・建築用組立材料製造業」を、完成財型として「木製容器製造業」「木製履物製造業」「その他の木製品」を、木材工業を構成する諸製造業として分類している。2008年(平成20)の時点で、従業員4人以上の事業所総数7999、従業者総数11万2641人、製造品出荷額2兆5648億円をもつ産業であるが、全体に従業員100人未満の小規模経営が支配的な工業でもある。 木材工業の原材料となる用材需要量は、高度成長期を通じて急増したが、1973年(昭和48)の1億2000万立方メートルをピークに、その後減退し、『木材統計』によれば、2010年(平成22)時では素材需要2372万立方メートルと激減している。減退の最大の要因は、住宅建設の不振、木造率(新設着工戸数に占める木造住宅の割合)の低下、住宅1戸当りの床面積の減少、木材に代替する新資材の増加などのほか、輸入構造が原木から製材、合板といった製品に変化しつつある点も指摘されている。素材需要は高度経済成長期において、一貫して外材依存が強まっており、米材(アメリカ、カナダ)、北洋材(ロシア)、南洋材(インドネシア、フィリピン、マレーシア等)が三大外材として主流を占めた。しかし1980年代の円高が進行するなかで、原木輸入が減少し、アメリカ、北欧の製材、インドネシア、マレーシア、中国製合板の輸入が増加しつつある。 1990年代以降の原木輸入減少の背景には、原木輸出国の国内事情も存在する。たとえばインドネシアやマレーシアは、国内資源保護と国内合板工業振興の観点から原木輸出を禁止しており、これが日本の原木輸入の減少につながっている。さらにロシアの北洋材は日本の需要とロシア国内需要、および成長著しい中国需要との競合局面に入っている。一方、北欧製材はその高品質が構造用集成材メーカーや住宅メーカーに評価され、急速にシェアを伸ばしている。北欧製材の成長は、それまで輸入製材の中心であった米材のシェアを奪う形となっている。 [殿村晋一・永江雅和] 製材業丸太を角材あるいは板材に加工する製材業の、2008年(平成20)時の木材工業総出荷額に占める割合は37.4%で、その製品のほとんどが住宅建設用材である。明治末以来、第二次世界大戦中を除いて増え続けた機械製材工場数は、1948年(昭和23)3万8000工場とピークに達したが、その後統廃合が進み、1980年には2万2200工場、1985年には1万6628工場へと激減している。とくに出力37.5キロワット未満(従業員3人以下)の零細工場の廃業が著しく、1980年代後半からの急激な円高による外材競争力の強化とともに、臨海木材工業団地に立地する出力300キロワット以上の大工場の地位が高まっている。出荷額は1981年の2兆5000億円から2008年の9581億円に低下している。 [殿村晋一・永江雅和] 合板工業1907年(明治40)浅野吉次郎(きちじろう)(1859―1926)が創案したベニヤ製法に基づく合板工業は、第二次世界大戦後、南洋材(ラワン材)を主原料に輸出産業(1950年代には生産量の3分の1、生産額の2分の1を輸出)として急成長した。1985年(昭和60)の生産量は、普通合板が10.94億平方メートル、普通合板表面に二次加工した特殊合板が2.97億平方メートル、工場数は554であったが、2010年(平成22)では普通合板264.5万平方メートル、特殊合板64.5万平方メートル、工場数は192と衰退が著しい。 [殿村晋一・永江雅和] その他このほか合板・パルプに用いられる木材チップ製造は、OA機器の普及に伴うパルプ需要の増加によって、比較的堅調を維持している。2010年(平成22)における木材チップ製造工場は1578だが、うち1226工場は製材・合板との兼営工場である。生産量は541万トンであるが、うち原木を原料とするものは44.6%に過ぎず、ほかは工場残材、林地残材、解体材、廃材などのリサイクル原料を用いている。また、林地残材等を原料とする木材チップはバイオマス発電の燃料としても有望視されている。 [永江雅和] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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