Born, Max

Japanese: ボルン（英語表記）Born， Max

Born: December 11, 1882 in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland)
[Died] January 5, 1970. Göttingen German theoretical physicist. Graduated from the University of Göttingen. Professor at the University of Frankfurt (1919) and the University of Göttingen (21). In 1933, fleeing from the Nazis, he went to England and became a professor at the University of Edinburgh (36). In 1953, he returned to Germany. He initially worked on the theory of relativity, thermodynamics, and solid state physics. In 1926, inspired by new ideas from his student W. Heisenberg, he became engrossed in the study of quantum mechanics together with Heisenberg and P. Jordan, and became one of the founders of matrix mechanics, the first formulation of quantum mechanics. At the same time, E. Schrödinger was formulating quantum mechanics, called wave mechanics, from a completely different standpoint. Born gave Schrödinger's formulation a statistical interpretation, which later became the standard for quantum mechanics. He also carried out a wide range of research projects, including the scattering of particles (Born approximation), research into atomic forces, crystallography, and the kinetic theory of liquids. In 1954, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics along with W. Bothe. In his later years, he opposed the use of science in warfare and spoke about atomic energy and the responsibility of scientists.

Born
Born, Stephen

Born: December 28, 1824, Lissa
[Died] May 4, 1898. German labor activist in Basel. Son of a Jewish merchant, his real name was Simon Buttermilch. He had worked as a typesetter in Berlin since 1840, and turned to the labor movement. In 1847, he met Engels in Paris, joined the Communist League, and engaged in agitation activities in southern France and Switzerland. When the March Revolution broke out in Germany, he was dispatched to Berlin, where he worked hard to organize a nationwide workers' organization. Together with M. Bakunin, he led the Dresden Uprising in 1849, and after its suppression, he went into exile in Switzerland, where he published the Baseler Nachrichten and taught German and French literature at the University of Basel.

Born
Born Bertrand de

[Birth] Around 1140
[Died] c. 1215. Dalon. A French troubadour. He excelled in satirical poetry. He was the lord of Hautefort in the south of France. He fought for King Richard I of England against King Philip II of France, and lived a life of bravery as a warrior. His son, who bore the same name, was also a poet.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1882.12.11. ブレスラウ(現ポーランド，ウロツワフ)
[没]1970.1.5. ゲッティンゲン
ドイツの理論物理学者。ゲッティンゲン大学を卒業。フランクフルト大学教授 (1919) ，ゲッティンゲン大学教授 (21) 。 1933年ナチスに追われてイギリスに渡り，エディンバラ大学教授 (36) 。 53年ドイツへ帰った。初め相対論，熱力学，固体物性の研究に取組む。 26年彼の弟子であった W.ハイゼンベルクの新しい着想に刺激されて，彼および P.ヨルダンとともに量子力学の研究に熱中し，その最初の定式化である行列力学の建設者の1人となる。同じ頃 E.シュレーディンガーがまったく異なった立場から波動力学と呼ばれる量子力学の定式化を進めていた。ボルンはシュレーディンガーの定式化に統計的解釈を与え，この解釈はのちに量子力学にとって標準的なものとなった。このほか，粒子の散乱問題 (ボルン近似 ) ，原子間力の研究，結晶学，液体の運動学的理論など多彩な研究を展開した。 54年 W.ボーテとともにノーベル物理学賞を受賞した。晩年には戦争に科学を使用することに反対し，原子力と科学者の責任などについて論じた。

ボルン
Born， Stephan

[生]1824.12.28. リッサ
[没]1898.5.4. バーゼル
ドイツの労働運動家。ユダヤ商人の子で，本名ジモン・ブッターミルヒ。 1840年以来ベルリンで植字工として働き，労働運動に向う。 47年パリでエンゲルスを知り，共産主義者同盟に加入，南フランスやスイスで扇動活動を行なった。ドイツに三月革命が起るとベルリンに派遣され，労働者の全国組織結成のために尽力。 M.バクーニンとともに 49年のドレスデン蜂起を指導，その鎮圧後はスイスに亡命して，『バーゼル通信』 Baseler Nachrichtenを刊行するかたわら，バーゼル大学でドイツ・フランス文学を講じた。