Presbyterianism - Chorosei

Japanese: 長老制 - ちょうろうせい
Presbyterianism - Chorosei

Rule by the Elders. In most societies, growing older is accompanied by the acquisition of some social authority and an elevation in spiritual status. Where other factors that contribute to status differentiation, such as occupation, wealth, or origin, are not significantly involved, this principle of seniority becomes the central framework of rule, and is manifested as rule by the elderly, or eldership. Eldership is a very common form in segmented tribal societies based on kinship groups, but the scope of the elders' rule is also small. However, in places where the age hierarchy is developed, such as the tribes of East Africa, the authority of the elders extends to a considerable group in religious, political, and military areas. Even in political systems such as chiefdoms, where authority is concentrated in a specific origin group, eldership often functions as an assistant to the chief or king, or as one of the counter-principles that check the power of the chief or king. This was also often seen in chiefdoms and monarchies in West Africa.

[Mitsuru Hamamoto]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

老人(長老)による支配体制。ほとんどの社会で、年をとることにはなんらかの社会的権威の獲得や霊的地位の上昇が伴う。職業や富、出自など、地位の分化に寄与する他の要因が顕著に働いていないところでは、この年長者優位の原則が支配の中心的な枠組みとなり、老人による支配、つまり長老制となって現れる。長老制は、親族集団に基礎を置いた分節的な部族社会では、ごくありふれた形態であるが、長老たちの支配の及ぶ範囲も小さい。しかし東アフリカの諸部族のように、年齢階梯(かいてい)制が発達したところでは、長老の権威は宗教的・政治的・軍事的方面にわたり、かなりの規模の集団に及んでいる。特定の出自集団に権威が集中した首長制のような政治制度のもとでも、長老制は首長や王の補佐役として、あるいは首長や王の権力をチェックする対抗原理の一つとして機能していることが多い。西アフリカの首長制、王制にも、これがしばしばみられた。

[濱本 満]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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