Dirac's delta function has been used effectively in physics, but mathematically it does not fit the definition of a function. Therefore, Schwartz expanded the concept of functions to include these, and also to allow for free differential operations and Fourier analysis. Schwartz named them distributions, but in Japan they are called generalized functions. In practical applications, functions of multiple variables are often considered, but we will introduce the idea in the case of one variable. Let be the set of functions of a real variable x that are infinitely continuously differentiable and identically 0 when |x| is large. Now, if f(x) is a continuous function, then for (x)∈, Heaviside function H(x)=0(x<0), [Haruo Sunouchi] Fourier transform of generalized functions As a natural function that can be defined by the Fourier transform, there is a rapidly decreasing function (a function that can be continuously differentiated infinitely many times, and for any natural numbers m and n, when |x|→∞, |x m (n) (x)|→0). If we express the set of such functions as , then it becomes ⊂. The Fourier transform of (x)∈ is The Fourier transform of the delta function δ is [Haruo Sunouchi] Application to partial differential heat equation Heat conduction in an infinitely long wire can be expressed by the heat equation, where u(t,x) is the temperature at time t and location x. [Haruo Sunouchi] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ディラックのデルタ関数は物理学では有効に用いられてきたが、数学的には関数の定義に当てはまらない。そこでシュワルツはこれらを含むように、しかも微分演算やフーリエ解析が自由にできるように関数概念を拡張した。シュワルツはそれをdistributionsと名づけたが、日本では超関数とよんでいる。応用上は多変数の関数を考えることが多いが、一変数の場合にその考え方を紹介しておこう。実変数xの、無限回連続微分可能で、|x|が大きいとき恒等的に0になる関数の集合をで表す。いま、f(x)を連続関数とすると、(x)∈に対し、 ヘビサイド関数 [洲之内治男] 超関数のフーリエ変換フーリエ変換の定義できる自然な関数として、急減少関数(無限回連続微分可能、任意の自然数m、nに対し、|x|→∞のとき、|xm(n)(x)|→0となるもの)がある。その集合をで表すと、⊂となる。(x)∈のフーリエ変換を デルタ関数δのフーリエ変換は [洲之内治男] 偏微分熱方程式への応用例無限に長い針金の熱伝導は、時刻t、場所xにおける温度をu(t,x)とすると、熱方程式 [洲之内治男] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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