The age at which a person (natural person) becomes fully competent to act, and a person who has not yet reached this age is called a minor. In the Japanese Civil Code, the age of adulthood is 20 years (Article 4). Age is calculated by including the date of birth (Act on Age Calculation), so a person becomes an adult on the date of birth 20 years after the date of birth. The age of adulthood for the Emperor, the Crown Prince, and the Crown Prince's Heir is 18 years (Imperial House Law, Article 22). The effect of adulthood in public law is the acquisition of voting rights, but in private law it means becoming a person with full legal capacity. For example, an adult can enter into a fully valid contract on his/her own, and can enter into a fully valid marriage without the consent of a parent. In contrast, when a minor performs a legal act, in principle he/she must obtain the consent of a legal representative (Civil Code, Article 5, Paragraph 1), and legal acts performed without the consent of a legal representative can be revoked (Civil Code, Paragraph 2). However, even if a person is a minor, he/she is considered to have reached adulthood if he/she marries (Civil Code, Article 753). [Takahisa Awaji] Regarding the right to vote, the Act to Partially Amend the Public Offices Election Act, etc. (Act No. 43 of 2015) enacted in June 2015 changed the voting age for public office elections from 20 years old to 18 years old. The revised law went into effect on June 19, 2016. [Editorial Department] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
人(自然人)が完全な行為能力者となる年齢をいい、それに達しない間を未成年という。日本民法は、満20年をもって成年とする(4条)。年齢の計算は生まれた日を算入する(年齢計算ニ関スル法律)から、満20年後の生まれた日に成年となる。天皇、皇太子、皇太孫の成年は満18年である(皇室典範22条)。成年の効果は、公法的には選挙権の取得などがあるが、私法的には完全な行為能力者となることである。たとえば、成年者は単独で完全に有効な契約を結ぶことができるし、親権者の同意なしに完全に有効な婚姻をすることができる。これに対して、未成年者が法律行為をするときには、原則として法定代理人の同意を得なければならず(民法5条1項)、法定代理人の同意なしになした法律行為はこれを取り消すことができる(同条2項)。ただし、未成年者であっても、婚姻すると成年に達したものとみなされる(同法753条)。 [淡路剛久] 選挙権に関しては、2015年(平成27)6月に成立した「公職選挙法等の一部を改正する法律」(平成27年法律第43号)により、公職の選挙の選挙権を有する者の年齢について、満20年以上から満18年以上に改められた。改正法の施行は2016年6月19日。 [編集部] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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