Black spirituals

Japanese: 黒人霊歌 - こくじんれいか(英語表記)black spirituals
Black spirituals

Black spirituals are Christian religious songs written by African Americans during the slave era. They were once called "Negro spirituals," but are rarely used today. The time of their creation and the author are unknown, but it is believed that they began to be sung by black slaves working on the farms of white Protestant British people around the beginning of the 19th century. The lyrics are often based on stories from the Old Testament, and they sing of escape from harsh realities and the hope of freedom and happiness in the afterlife through faith promised by Christianity. Musically, they are a fusion of African and European elements, and are characterized by a simple scale based on the pentatonic scale, syncopated rhythms, and a dynamic beat. They were sung in groups of black people, and were refined and developed as choral music.

Negro spirituals were popularized in the late 19th century when they were incorporated into traveling minstrel shows, a form of popular entertainment. In addition, when Fisk University, which was established in Nashville, Tennessee, for the purpose of educating black people and evangelizing Christianity, ran into financial difficulties, a choir called the Fisk Jubilee Singers was formed to raise funds, and they began performing throughout the United States and in Europe in 1871. Negro spirituals also became part of the foundation of gospel songs and jazz, and today they are a type of American folk song. Some of the most well-known songs include "Deep River," "Nobody Knows My Trouble," "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot," "The Battle of Jericho," "Go, Moses," and "Sometimes Like a Motherless Child," and are loved worldwide.

[Aoki Kei]

"Negro Spirituals and Blues" by James H. Cone, translated by Kajiwara Hisashi (1983, Shinkyo Publishing)""Negro Spirituals - The Source of Black Music" by Kitamura Takao (2000, Misuzu Shobo)"Beyond the Deep River - Negro Spirituals and Their Background" by Ogawa Yoji (2001, Ongaku No Tomosha)

[References] | African Americans | Black Liberation Movement History | Black Slavery | Gospel Songs | Battle of Jericho | Jazz | Spirituals | Bible

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アフリカ系アメリカ人が奴隷時代につくったキリスト教宗教歌。ブラック・スピリチュアルズ。かつては「ニグロ・スピリチュアルズ」とよばれたこともあったが、現在はほとんど用いられていない。つくられた時期も作者も不詳だが、19世紀初頭ごろにプロテスタントのイギリス系白人の農場で働く奴隷黒人たちが歌い始めたことは確かと考えられる。歌詞の内容は『旧約聖書』中の物語に取材したものが多く、苦しい現実からの逃避、キリスト教が約束した信仰による来世での自由と幸福の希望が歌われる。音楽的にはアフリカ的要素とヨーロッパ的要素が融合され、五音音階を基調とした単純な音階、シンコペート(切分)されたリズム、躍動するビート感覚などを特徴とする。黒人たちの集まりで合唱され、合唱音楽として整えられ発達した。

 黒人霊歌は、19世紀後期の大衆娯楽の一つである旅回り芸能集団ミンストレル・ショーに取り入れられて普及した。また、黒人教育とキリスト教伝道のためテネシー州ナッシュビルに設立されたフィスク大学が資金難となったとき、資金募集を目的として結成された合唱団フィスク・ジュビリー・シンガーズThe Fisk Jubilee Singersが1871年から全米各地およびヨーロッパでも公演したことによって広まった。そして、ゴスペル・ソングやジャズの母体の一部ともなり、今日ではアメリカ民謡の一種となっている。代表的な名歌に『深い河』『だれも知らない私の悩み』『スイング・ロウ、スイート・チャリオット』『ジェリコの戦い』『行け、モーゼ』『時には母のない子のように』などがあり、世界的に親しまれている。

[青木 啓]

『ジェイムズ・H・コーン著、梶原寿訳『黒人霊歌とブルース』(1983・新教出版社)』『北村崇郎著『ニグロ・スピリチュアル――黒人音楽のみなもと』(2000・みすず書房)』『小川洋司著『深い河のかなたへ――黒人霊歌とその背景』(2001・音楽之友社)』

[参照項目] | アフリカ系アメリカ人 | 黒人解放運動史 | 黒人奴隷制度 | ゴスペル・ソング | ジェリコの戦い | ジャズ | スピリチュアル | 聖書

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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