The British dynasty that reigned during the establishment and peak of absolutism. It began with Henry VII (reigned 1485-1509), followed by Henry VIII (reigned 1509-47), Edward VI (reigned 1547-53), Mary I (reigned 1553-58), and Elizabeth I (reigned 1558-1603). Thus, from 1485, when Henry VII defeated Richard III at Bosworth Field and won the crown, to 1603, when Elizabeth died, the dynasty ruled for nearly 120 years. Originally, from the time of Owen Tudor, a Welsh lord, the dynasty developed a close relationship with the Lancastrian royal family, and fought for the family in the Wars of the Roses. Furthermore, his grandson, Henry Tudor, was the great-grandson of John of Gaunt (the fourth son of Edward III), and therefore could claim the right to the throne against the House of York. As a dynasty established by putting down a civil war, they were particularly keen to maintain the dignity of the throne and strengthen royal power, and they were successful in doing so. However, unlike continental absolutism, Parliament continued to be convened, and the "King in Parliament" was considered the supreme ruler. Kings such as Henry VIII promoted the growth of Parliament. The main force in society was the gentry, and the power of the aristocracy seems to have declined somewhat. The great accomplishment of this dynasty was the establishment of the Church of England and the subsequent dissolution of monasteries. They adopted a mercantilist policy to encourage commerce and industry, supported overseas development, and showed interest in exploring new sea routes. In the second half of the 16th century, they did not flinch in their opposition to the powerful Spanish Empire, and in 1588 they defeated the Spanish Armada (the Invincible Armada). During the English Renaissance, there was a rise in literary prosperity, and the dynasty was the driving force behind it. [Masahiko Uemura] ©Shogakukan "> Tudor dynasty/brief family tree Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
絶対主義の成立期および極盛期に君臨したイギリス王朝。ヘンリー7世(在位1485~1509)に始まり、ヘンリー8世(在位1509~47)、エドワード6世(在位1547~53)、メアリー1世(在位1553~58)を経て、エリザベス1世(在位1558~1603)に至る。したがって、ヘンリー7世がボスワースの野でリチャード3世を破って王冠を獲得した1485年から、エリザベスの死去した1603年に及ぶ、120年近くの支配であった。本来はウェールズの領主、オーエン・チューダーOwen Tudorのときからランカスター王家と緊密な関係を生じ、ばら戦争では同王家のために戦う。さらにその孫のヘンリー・チューダーはジョン・オブ・ゴーント(エドワード3世の第4子)の曽孫(そうそん)を母としたから、ヨーク家に対し王位継承権を主張しえた。内乱の平定によって成立した王朝であったため、王位の尊厳を維持し王権を強化することにはとくに意を用い、またそれに成功している。だが大陸風の絶対主義とは異なって議会の招集が継続されており、むしろ「議会における国王」が最高の統治者とみなされる。ヘンリー8世のごときは、議会の成長を促進した王である。社会の主勢力はジェントリで、貴族の勢力はやや衰えたとみられる。この王朝の成就(じょうじゅ)した大事業は、イギリス国教会の成立と、それに伴う修道院の解散である。重商主義政策をとって商工業を奨励、また海外発展を支援し、新航路の探検にも関心を示した。16世紀の後半には強国スペインと対抗してたじろがず、1588年にはアルマダ(無敵艦隊)を破る。イギリスのルネサンス期にあたり文運の興隆がみられたが、王朝はその推進者であった。 [植村雅彦] ©Shogakukan"> チューダー朝/略系図 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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