Breasts - Chichi

Japanese: 乳 - ちち
Breasts - Chichi

A liquid secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals. Newborns grow up on milk alone for a certain period of time. The composition varies by species, but cow's milk is 87% water, 3% protein, 4% fat, 4.5% sugar (mainly lactose), 0.7% inorganic matter, and contains trace amounts of vitamins. Most of the protein is casein, and lactose is included as carbohydrate. It has a calorific value of about 660 kilocalories per kilogram. Human milk has less protein and more sugar than cow's milk. In general, the faster the growth rate of an animal, the higher the protein content. Milk immediately after birth (4-5 days in humans) is called colostrum, and contains white blood cells, fat particles, and a considerable amount of immunoglobulin A. Immunoglobulin A is absorbed by the intestines of newborns and is said to help protect against infection on the mucosal surface. The development of the mammary glands and milk secretion are primarily controlled by the balance between prolactin and luteinizing hormone. Prolactin promotes the development of the mammary glands and initiates milk secretion, but during pregnancy, luteinizing hormone is present in high concentrations and suppresses lactation. At the time of childbirth, luteinizing hormone decreases and lactation begins. However, neither prolactin nor luteinizing hormone acts alone, and several types of hormones work together. Naturally, it is most ideal for newborn human babies to be breastfed, but in recent years it has become common to feed them both breast milk and powdered milk, or just powdered milk. Powdered milk is made by drying cow's milk and adding appropriate nutrients.

[Sadao Yasugi]

[Reference item] | Milk

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

哺乳(ほにゅう)類の雌親の乳腺(にゅうせん)から分泌される液体。新生子は一定期間、乳のみを養分として育つ。組成は種によって異なるが、牛乳では水87%、タンパク質3%、脂肪4%、糖分(主として乳糖)4.5%、無機物0.7%で、そのほかに微量のビタミン類を含む。タンパク質の大部分はカゼインで、炭水化物としてはラクトースを含む。1キログラム当り約660キロカロリーの熱量をもつ。人乳は牛乳よりタンパク質が少なく、糖分が多い。一般に成長速度の速い動物の乳ほど、タンパク質の含有量が多い。出産直後(ヒトでは4~5日)の乳は初乳(しょにゅう)とよばれ、白血球や脂肪粒を含み、また免疫グロブリンAを相当量含んでいる。免疫グロブリンAは新生子の腸で吸収されて、粘膜表面における感染防御に役だつといわれる。乳腺の発達と乳の分泌は、主としてプロラクチンと黄体ホルモンのバランスによって支配されている。プロラクチンは乳腺の発育を促進し、乳の分泌を開始させるが、妊娠中は黄体ホルモンが高濃度に存在して泌乳を抑制する。分娩(ぶんべん)時に黄体ホルモンが減少して泌乳が始まる。ただし、プロラクチンも黄体ホルモンも単独で作用することはなく、数種類のホルモンが共同して働く。ヒトの新生子(児)の場合、母乳を与えるのがもっとも理想的なのは当然であるが、最近は母乳と粉乳、あるいは粉乳のみを与えることも多くなった。粉乳は牛乳を乾燥したものに適当な養分を加えたものである。

[八杉貞雄]

[参照項目] | 牛乳

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