Podzol (English spelling)

Japanese: ポドゾル - ぽどぞる(英語表記)podzol
Podzol (English spelling)

It is a type of so-called zonal soil, the distribution of which is determined by the conditions of climate and vegetation, and is the type of soil that has been most thoroughly studied in terms of its profile characteristics and its genetic interpretation. It is also called gray-white soil. Its profile is divided into strata O, A, E, B1, B2, and C, and the depth to the B2 layer is about 50-70 cm, and the O layer (sometimes written as A0) can be further divided into three layers: Oi (L), Oe (F), and Oa (H). This soil is developed in coniferous forests, and the humus layer A is located under the layer of undecomposed leaf litter, the layer where fermentation decomposition has begun, and the layer of coarse humus mixed with inorganic soil particles (the above are the O layer). The more fully developed the podzol, the thinner the A layer becomes, and the lower part becomes a bleached layer (E layer) of gray-white sand where only silicate remains after the bases in the inorganic parent material are dissolved by the infiltration of highly acidic humus (fulvic acid). The next layer is the B layer (accumulation layer), which is composed of the accumulation of humus that has flowed down from the A layer and the precipitate of the flowing bases (iron and aluminum sesquioxides), and is subdivided into the dark brown part B1, which is mainly composed of humus, and the reddish brown part B2 (sometimes written as Bh), which is mainly composed of the accumulation of iron. As a type of soil formation, the process in which the leaching of strongly acidic humus dominates is called podzolization, and the degree of podzolarity varies depending on whether the action of leaching water descending the soil layer is strong or weak.

There are no fully mature podzols in Japan, but podzolic soils are found in the hilly lowlands and fixed sand dunes on the coasts of Hokkaido and the Tohoku region, and in the flat areas of mountain ridges in the central mountain region. Some soils called gray or gray-brown forest soils show a tendency to become podzolized, and these soils are called gray or gray-brown podzolic soils. From a global perspective, podzols are widely distributed in Siberia, the taiga region of Canada, Northern Europe, Alaska, and other areas. However, podzols and podzolic soils can also be found in tropical and temperate regions. Their formation is thought to be due to local microtopography and geological parent material conditions (sandy parent material with a large amount of infiltrating water, areas with acidic rocks such as granite, etc.).

[Shigeo Asami and Makiko Watanabe]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

気候と植生の条件で分布が決まるいわゆる成帯性土壌の一種で、断面形態の特徴について、またその成因論的解釈の面で、もっともよく研究されてきた型の土壌である。灰白土ともいう。断面形態はO、A、E、B1、B2、Cの層位に分けられ、B2層までの深さは50~70センチメートルくらい、O層(A0と表記することもある)はOi(L)、Oe(F)、Oa(H)の3枚に細分できる。この土壌が発達している所は針葉樹林相で、未分解の落葉累積層や発酵分解の始まった層、無機質土粒と混在した粗腐植層(以上がO層)の下に腐植層Aがある。十分に発達したポドゾルほどこのA層は薄く、その下部は強酸性腐植物質(フルボ酸)の浸潤によって無機母材中の塩基類が溶解され、ケイ酸分のみが残留した灰白色砂質の漂白層(E層)となる。次層はA層から流下した腐植の集積および流下塩基類のうちの沈殿物(鉄とアルミニウムの三二酸化物)からなるB層(集積層)で、腐植を主とした暗褐色の部分B1と鉄の集積を主とした赤褐色の部分B2(Bhと表記することもある)とに細分される。土壌生成作用のタイプとしてこのような強酸性腐植の溶脱作用が支配的なプロセスをポドゾル化作用(過程)とよび、土層を下降する洗脱型の水分の作用が強いか弱いかによって、ポドゾル性の程度に違いが生まれる。

 日本には完全に成熟したポドゾルは現存しないが、北海道・東北地方の丘陵性低山地や海岸の固定砂丘にポドゾル性土はみられ、中部山岳地帯の山稜(さんりょう)山腹の平坦(へいたん)部にも発見される。灰色(はいいろ)・灰褐(はいかっ)色森林土と命名される土壌にもポドゾル化傾向をみせるものがあり、それらは灰色・灰褐色ポドゾル性土と名づけられた土壌である。世界的な視野ではシベリア、カナダのタイガ地方をはじめ北欧、アラスカなどに広いポドゾル分布域がある。しかし、熱帯・温帯地方にもポドゾルやポドゾル性土がみいだされることがある。それらの生成については、局地的微地形条件や地質母材条件(浸透水の量が多い砂質母材、花崗(かこう)岩などの酸性岩の分布地域など)によるものと考えられる。

[浅海重夫・渡邊眞紀子]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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