Dmitrii Konstantinovich Chernov

Japanese: チェルノフ（英語表記）Dmitrii Konstantinovich Chernov

1839‐1921
A Russian metallurgist in the early days of metallography. Born in St. Petersburg, he graduated from the Practical Industrial School there. In 1866 he became an engineer at the forge of the Obokov Steel Foundry, where he discovered the existence of a critical heating temperature necessary to cause quench hardening in steel. In 1884 he became a specialist at the Naval Technical Committee, and in 1889 he became a professor of metallurgy at the Mikhail Artillery College. In 1885 he also determined the critical cooling temperature for quenching steel, forming the basis for the theory of heat treatment of steel. He studied the changes in macroscopic and microscopic structure during the casting, forging, and heat treatment of steel, and clarified the conditions for producing sound steel ingots and forged products with fine crystal grains, contributing to the improvement of Russian cannon manufacturing technology.

Viktor Mikhailovich Chernov

1873‐1952
A Russian revolutionary and leader of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. The son of a minor civil servant of peasant origin, he grew up on the Volga coast. He became aware of social issues while attending middle school in Saratov, and was arrested in 1894 while studying at Moscow University. He considered himself a successor to the Narodniks, and promoted peasant work in Tambov province. In 1899 he left the country and published a number of treatises on philosophy and agricultural theory, which were recognized. Compared to his contemporary Lenin, he was a great achievement in that he was the first to raise the issue of the special type of evolution of backward capitalist countries. In 1900, together with veteran Narodniks, he founded the Agrarian Socialist League, and in 1901 he participated in the formation of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, becoming editor of its organ, Revolutionary Russia.

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:

1839‐1921
金属組織学創始期のロシアの冶金学者。ペテルブルグに生まれ，同地の実科工業学校を卒業。1866年オボコフ鋳鋼所鍛造工場の技師となり，ここで鋼の焼入硬化を生ずるに必要な臨界加熱温度の存在を見いだした。84年海軍技術委員会専門員，89年以後ミハイル砲術大学冶金学教授。1885年には鋼焼入れの臨界冷却温度も確定し，鋼の熱処理理論の基礎をつくった。鋼の鋳･鍛造，熱処理における肉眼および顕微鏡組織の変化を研究し，健全な鋼塊や微細結晶粒の鍛造品を生産する条件を解明して，ロシアの大砲製造技術の向上に寄与した。

チェルノフ【Viktor Mikhailovich Chernov】

1873‐1952
ロシアの革命家。エス･エル党の指導者。農民出の小官吏の子に生まれ，ボルガ沿岸で育った。サラトフ中学時代に社会問題にめざめ，モスクワ大学在学中の1894年に逮捕された。ナロードニキの継承者を自認し，タンボフ県で農民工作を進めた。99年国外に出て，哲学，農業理論の諸論稿を発表し，認められた。後進資本主義国の進化の特殊な類型という問題をはじめて提起した点は，同時代のレーニンと比して大きい功績である。1900年古参ナロードニキとともに農業社会主義連盟をつくり，01年のエス･エル党の結成に加わって，機関紙《革命ロシア》編集者となった。

出典　株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について　情報

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