In geology, sand refers to rock fragments with a grain size of 2 to 1/16 of a millimeter, and is differentiated from gravel, which is larger than 2 millimeters, and silt, which is smaller than 1/16 of a millimeter. Sand is found on the surface or in outcrops, as deposits on the bottom of oceans or lakes, or as eolian deposits on coastal dunes or inland arid deserts. In soil science, sand is the remaining particles that remain after separation from silt and clay during the soil formation process, and the International Soil Science Society defines its grain size as 2 to 0.02 millimeters. Sand is further divided into coarse sand with a grain size of 2 to 0.2 millimeters, and fine sand with a grain size of 0.2 to 0.02 millimeters. It mainly consists of quartz fragments, which are highly resistant to weathering, as well as mica, amphibole, pyroxene, magnetite, and volcanic glass. Under a low-magnification binocular microscope, it is possible to identify minerals from the characteristics of the crystals to estimate the soil parent material, and to determine the degree of weathering from the degree of wear and dissolution. [Shigeo Asami and Makiko Watanabe] Sand used in construction includes river sand, sea sand, crushed sand for concrete, blast furnace slag fine aggregate for concrete, artificial lightweight fine aggregate, perlite sand, and colored sand made from crushed marble. River sand and crushed stone are used as aggregate for mortar and concrete, as well as for roadbed materials and backfill materials when constructing roads and buildings. Artificial lightweight fine aggregate is used to produce lightweight mortar and concrete. By mixing air bubbles into perlite sand, it is possible to create mortar with a specific gravity of less than 1.0. Colored mortar can also be made by using colored cement and colored sand, which can then be washed and polished to create artificial marble. Mortar made with colored sand and colored resin is used as high-quality artificial stone. [Yoshio Kasai] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地質学では粒径2ミリメートル~16分の1ミリメートルの岩片をいい、2ミリメートル以上の礫(れき)、および16分の1ミリメートル以下のシルトと区別する。この砂は海底または湖底の堆積(たいせき)物として、あるいは海岸砂丘や内陸乾燥地域の砂漠の風成堆積物として、地表や露頭にみられるものである。一方、土壌学で扱う砂とは、土壌生成過程にシルト、粘土分と分かれて残った粒子であって、国際土壌学会法ではその粒径を2~0.02ミリメートルと定めている。砂はさらに2~0.2ミリメートルを粗砂、0.2~0.02ミリメートルは細砂と区分される。風化に対する抵抗性の強い石英片を主とするほか、雲母(うんも)、角閃石(かくせんせき)、輝石、磁鉄鉱、火山ガラスなどが含まれている。低倍率の双眼顕微鏡下で、結晶体の特徴から鉱物を同定して土壌母材を推定したり、摩耗度や溶食の状態から風化度を判定したりすることができる。 [浅海重夫・渡邊眞紀子] 建設に用いられる砂には河川砂、海砂などのほか、コンクリート用砕砂やコンクリート用高炉スラグ細骨材、人工軽量細骨材、パーライト砂、大理石などを粉砕した色砂(いろすな)などがある。河川砂・砕石はモルタルやコンクリートの骨材のほか、路盤材、道路や建物の建設の際の埋戻し材などに用いられる。人工軽量細骨材は軽量のモルタルやコンクリートを製造するのに用いる。パーライト砂を用いて気泡を混入すると比重1.0以下のモルタルをつくることができる。またカラーセメントに色砂を用いて色モルタルをつくり、洗い出しや研(と)ぎ出しを行って人造大理石をつくることができる。色砂と着色樹脂を用いたモルタルは高級人造石として使われている。 [笠井芳夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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