Urartu - Urartu (English spelling)

Japanese: ウラルトゥ - うらるとぅ(英語表記)Urartu
Urartu - Urartu (English spelling)

An ancient kingdom that ruled a vast area centered on Lake Van. In Hebrew it is called Ararat. Its center straddled the border between the current Republic of Armenia and eastern Turkey, and at one time included parts of today's Iran, Iraq, and Syria. In the 9th century BC, the Urartians were unified by the Bian king Arame, and from then until the 7th century BC, they were constantly fighting with Assyria. Sardurish I established his capital on the shores of Lake Van, and reached its peak during the reign of Argishtish I in the early 8th century BC. Rusash I built his capital at Toprakh-Kala (in Uzbekistan) and erected a temple dedicated to his chief god, Hardis, but was defeated by Sargon II of Assyria in 713 BC. After the complete destruction of Assyria in 610 BC, it was incorporated into Media in the early 6th century BC, and was destroyed by Cambyses I of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia in 585 BC, after which it disappeared from history.

The Urartians were ethnically closely related to the Hurrians (non-Indo-European), and although they had a writing system similar to Hittite hieroglyphics, they mostly used cuneiform (Urartian) writing, which was based on Assyrian cuneiform writing. In terms of art, they were strongly influenced by Assyria, but they also had their own unique and excellent metallurgy, especially bronze products. Famous ruins include Toprach-Kala, Karmil-Brur, and Altyn-Depe, where excavations have uncovered forts, ruins of houses, and tombs, among other things.

[Masao Takahashi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

バン湖を中心に広大な地域を支配した古代の王国。ヘブライ語ではアララトAraratという。中心は現在のアルメニア共和国と、トルコ東部の国境線にまたがり、一時は今日のイラン、イラク、シリアの一部をも版図に含んでいた。紀元前9世紀にウラルトゥ人はビア人の王アラメによって統一され、以後、前7世紀まではアッシリアとの抗争で明け暮れた。サルドゥリシュ1世は首都をバン湖畔に定め、前8世紀初頭のアルギシュティシュ1世の治世に最盛期を迎えた。ルサシュ1世は首都をトプラッハ・カラ(ウズベキスタン内)に築き、主神ハルディスに捧(ささ)げた神殿を建立したが、前713年アッシリアのサルゴン2世に敗れた。前610年アッシリアが完全に滅亡後、前6世紀初頭になってメディアに編入され、前585年アケメネス朝ペルシアのカンビセス1世に滅ぼされ、以後歴史上から姿を消した。

 ウラルトゥ人は民族的にはフルリ人(非インド・ヨーロッパ語系)と関連が深く、ヒッタイトの象形文字に似た文字をもっていたが、大部分はアッシリアの楔形(くさびがた)文字に基づく楔形文字(ウラルトゥ語)を使って記録を残した。芸術面ではアッシリアの影響を強く受けているが、冶金(やきん)術、とくに青銅製品に独自の優れたものが多い。著名な遺跡としては、トプラッハ・カラ、カルミル・ブルール、アルティン・デペなどがあり、城砦(じょうさい)や住居趾(し)、墳墓などが発掘され武具、装身具などが発見された。

[高橋正男]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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