A giant chromosome found in the resting nucleus of salivary gland cells of fly larvae (Diptera), including Drosophila. In 1881, E. Balbiani discovered it as a string-like structure, and in 1933, E. Heitz, E. Bauer, and T. Painter clarified its cytological significance. It is 5 μm wide and 400 μm long, 100 to 150 times larger than a normal chromosome. This is a salivary gland chromosome that was once formed, but then nuclear division did not proceed, and only the chromatin split longitudinally one after another, becoming a polytene chromosome, which increased in width and length and became gigantic. It has horizontal stripes that stain well with basic dyes, and deoxyribonucleic acid is distributed here. The width and density of the stripes are characteristic, and chromosomal abnormalities can be identified from these abnormalities, which can be related to gene mutations to create a chromosome map. It is thought to be the location of genes. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
ショウジョウバエを含むハエ類 (双翅類) の幼虫の唾液腺細胞の静止核にみられる巨大な染色体。 1881年に E.バルビアーニが紐状構造として発見,のち 1933年に E.ハイツ,E.バウアー,T.ペインターがその細胞学的意義を明らかにした。幅5μm,長さ 400μmと普通の染色体の 100~150倍の大きさをもつ。これは一度形成された唾腺染色体が,その後核分裂が進行せず,染色糸のみが次々と縦裂し,多糸性の染色体となり,幅と長さを増し巨大化したものである。塩基性色素でよく染まる横縞があり,ここにデオキシリボ核酸が分布している。縞の幅の大小,密度に特徴があり,この異常から染色体の異常を知り,これを遺伝子の突然変異と関連づけて染色体地図をつくることができる。遺伝子の存在場所と考えられている。
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