A general term for positions or tendencies that consider two or more ultimate entities, principles, concepts, methods, etc. in the explanation of philosophical phenomena. As opposed to monism, which considers one absolute ultimate thing, the following classifications can be considered: [1] Metaphysical, ontological pluralism: Among the pre-Socratic Greek naturalists who explained the creation of all things from the beginning, the Pythagoreans, who used a large number as their principle, Empedocles, who considered the four elements of earth, water, fire, and air, and Anaxagoras, who assumed a large number of seeds, were qualitative pluralists, while Democritus' atomism was a quantitative pluralism. The modern mind-body dualism of Descartes, Leibniz's monadism, and modern logical atomism are also examples of pluralism, and polytheism can be considered a religious pluralism. [2] Epistemological pluralism: Any position that does not consider subjective or objective monism, but rather recognizes meaning as subject-object or intermediate existence, is an epistemological pluralism. [3] In addition to the above, other theories such as ethical pluralism and methodological pluralism can be considered, which consider multiple fundamental moral concepts. [Takahide Toshita] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
哲学的な事象の説明で、二つ以上の究極的な存在、原理、概念、方法などを考える立場や傾向の総称。唯一絶対の究極的なものを考える一元論に対する立場で、次のような分類が考えられる。〔1〕形而上(けいじじょう)学的、存在論的多元論――万物の生成を始元から説明した、ソクラテス以前のギリシアの自然学者のうち、多くの数を原理としたピタゴラス学派、地水火風の四元素を考えたエンペドクレス、多数の種子を想定したアナクサゴラスらは質的多元論者で、デモクリトスの原子論は量的多元論である。近世のデカルトの心身二元論、ライプニッツのモナド論、現代の論理的原子論も多元論の例で、多神教は宗教的多元論といえる。〔2〕認識論的多元論――主観または客観の一元論でなく、主客あるいは中間的存在としての意味などを認める立場はすべて認識論上の多元論である。〔3〕以上のほかにも、複数の道徳的基本概念を考える倫理的多元論や方法論的多元論などが考えられる。 [杖下隆英] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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