Deputy - Dairi

Japanese: 代理 - だいり

A system in which party B performs legal acts such as contracts as party B's agent, and the effects of the legal acts belong directly to party A. Party A is called the principal and party B is called the agent. For example, when party B enters into a contract with party C as party A's agent, party A acquires the rights and obligations as a party to the contract.

[Takahisa Awaji]

A system similar to but not the same as an agency

Systems similar to agency but different from it include (1) indirect agency, (2) messenger, (3) representative, and (4) possession by proxy. (1) is a system in which an indirect agent, such as a wholesaler or broker, performs legal acts in his/her own name on the account of another person, and is distinguished from an agent who acts in the name of another person (the principal). (2) A messenger conveys the intention decided by the principal to the other party, and is distinguished from agency, in which the agent himself/herself expresses his/her intention. (3) A representative is a system in which an organ of a corporation, such as a representative director, performs legal acts, and the corporation thereby directly acquires rights and obligations. It is essentially the same as agency, but the common view is to distinguish between the two. (4) Possession by proxy is when another person takes possession, and the resultant right of possession belongs to the principal, but it is distinguished from agency in that it is a system related to possession, while agency is a system related to the expression of intention.

[Takahisa Awaji]

Types of Delegation

There are two types of agency: voluntary agency and statutory agency. Voluntary agency is agency that arises from the granting of agency power by the principal. Regarding the nature of the act of granting agency power (authorization act) by the principal, there are theories that interpret it as a contract and that it is a unilateral act, but the former is more prevalent. Legal agency is agency that arises without the granting of agency power by the principal (for example, the parents of a minor child).

[Takahisa Awaji]

Requirements for valid representation

For an agency to be valid, the agent must act in the name of the principal (manifestation principle) and the agent must have the authority of agency. Authority can be granted by an act of authorization (a written authorization is called a power of attorney) (voluntary agency) or not (statutory agency). An agency act performed without authority is called unauthorized agency. In principle, unauthorized agency does not have any effect on the principal (in which case the unauthorized agent bears a certain amount of responsibility; Civil Code Article 117), but it does have an effect on the principal in cases of apparent agency or when the principal ratifies the act. Apparent agency is a system that protects the trust of the other party in a transaction, and when an unauthorized agency act appears to be based on the authority of agency in terms of its appearance, it is intended to give the same legal effect as if the authority of agency existed. Under the Civil Code, there are three types of apparent agency: apparent agency by indication of the grant of authority (Civil Code Article 109), apparent agency by exceeding authority (Civil Code Article 110), and apparent agency after the extinction of the authority of agency (Civil Code Article 112). In addition, when an agent acts as an agent for the other party in a contract between himself/herself and the other party, or as an agent for both parties, these are called self-contracting and double agency, respectively; however, these are prohibited in principle (Article 108 of the same Act), and violation of these will result in unauthorized agency.

[Takahisa Awaji]

The effect of proxy

The effect of a legal act performed by an agent extends to the principal, resulting in the same result as if the principal had performed the legal act himself.

[Takahisa Awaji]

Termination of power of attorney

The common causes for termination of voluntary and statutory agency are the death of the principal, the death or bankruptcy of the agent, or the agent being subjected to a judgment for the commencement of guardianship (Civil Code Article 111, Paragraph 1). In addition, the causes for termination of voluntary agency are the termination of the domestic relationship (such as the contract that gave rise to the agency relationship), the bankruptcy of the principal (Civil Code Article 653), and cancellation (Civil Code Article 651).

[Takahisa Awaji]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

乙が甲代理人乙という形式で契約などの法律行為を行い、その法律行為の効果が甲に直接帰属する制度。甲を本人、乙を代理人という。たとえば、乙が甲の代理人として丙と契約を結ぶと、本人甲がその契約の当事者として権利義務を取得することになる。

［淡路剛久］

代理に似て非なる制度

代理に似ているがこれと異なる制度として、(1)間接代理、(2)使者、(3)代表、(4)代理占有などがある。(1)は問屋・仲買人などのように、間接代理人が他人の計算において自己の名で法律行為をなす制度であり、代理人が他人（本人）の名で行為をするのと区別される。(2)の使者は、本人が決定した意思表示を相手方に伝えるものであり、代理の場合に代理人自身が意思表示をするのと区別される。(3)の代表は、代表取締役などの法人の機関が法律行為をなし、これによって法人が直接に権利義務を取得する制度であり、代理と本質を同じくするが、通説はこれら二つを区別している。(4)の代理占有は、他人が所持をなし、その効果たる占有権が本人に帰属することであるが、占有に関する制度であり、代理が意思表示に関する制度である点で区別される。

［淡路剛久］

代理の種類

代理には任意代理と法定代理とがある。任意代理とは本人の代理権授与によって発生した代理をいう。本人の代理権授与行為（授権行為）の性質については、契約と解する説と単独行為と解する説とがあるが、前者のほうが有力である。法定代理とは本人の代理権授与によるのでなくて発生した代理をいう（たとえば、未成年の子の父母など）。

［淡路剛久］

代理の有効要件

代理が有効に成立するためには、代理人が本人の名で行為をなし（顕名主義）、かつその者に代理権が存在しなければならない。代理権は授権行為（授権行為が書面で表示されたものを委任状という）によって与えられる場合（任意代理）と、そうでない場合（法定代理）とがある。代理権なしに行われた代理行為を無権代理という。無権代理は本人に対して効力を生じないのが原則である（その場合には無権代理人が一定の責任を負う。民法117条）が、表見(ひょうけん)代理にあたる場合および本人の追認がある場合には本人に対して効力を生じる。表見代理とは、取引の相手方の信頼を保護する制度であり、無権代理行為が行為の外観上代理権に基づくかのようにみえる場合には、代理権があったのと同じ法律効果を与えようとするものである。民法上、代理権授与の表示による表見代理（同法109条）、権限踰越(ゆえつ)による表見代理（同法110条）および代理権消滅後の表見代理（同法112条）の三つがある。なお、代理人が自分と相手方との間の契約について相手方の代理人となり、あるいは両当事者の代理人となることをそれぞれ自己契約・双方代理というが、これらは原則として禁止されており（同法108条）、違反すると無権代理となる。

［淡路剛久］