Standard battery - hyojundenchi (English spelling) standard cell

Japanese: 標準電池 - ひょうじゅんでんち(英語表記)standard cell
Standard battery - hyojundenchi (English spelling) standard cell

A primary cell that exhibits a highly accurate electromotive force and is used to calibrate the voltage of electronic devices and experimental equipment. The cadmium standard cell, which exhibits a constant electromotive force at a constant temperature, is commonly used. It is also called the Weston standard cell because it was invented by Weston. It uses cadmium-10% amalgam Cd (10% Hg) for the negative electrode, mercury Hg and mercury(I) sulfate Hg 2 SO 4 for the positive electrode, and a saturated aqueous solution of cadmium sulfate 8/3 hydrate CdSO 4 8/3 H 2 O for the electrolyte, and can be shown as follows:

Cd(10%Hg)|CdSO 4・8/3H 2 O
|CdSO 4 (H 2 O)|Hg 2 SO 4 |Hg
The electromotive force is E 20 = 1.01830±1×10 -5 volts at 20°C. The difference in electromotive force due to temperature change is extremely small, but internationally, between 0 and 40°C, it is corrected using the following Borff's formula.

E t = E 20 -4.06×10 -5 ( t -20)
-9.5× 10-7 ( t -20) 2
+1× 10-8 ( t -20) 3
Here, Et is the electromotive force at temperature t °C.

If high-purity chemicals are used and the device is assembled carefully and accurately, it will have good long-term stability. If the device is handled with care, such as not passing current during calibration, avoiding direct sunlight, and not subjecting it to vibration or tipping, the deterioration over time can be kept to less than a few microvolts (μV) per year.

In addition, Clark cells, which used zinc sulfate ZnSO4 instead of the cadmium sulfate of the cadmium standard battery, were once used as standard batteries, but they are rarely used today because of their relatively large temperature coefficient.

Since the Josephson voltage standard has been established since the 1970s, the standard battery serves as a secondary standard.

[Mitsuru Asano]

"Battery Handbook" edited by the Battery Handbook Editorial Committee (2001, Maruzen)

[References] | Primary batteries | Weston | Josephson

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

電子機器や実験装置などの電圧の校正用に用いられる精度の高い起電力を示す一次電池。一定の温度で一定の値の起電力を示すカドミウム標準電池が一般に用いられている。ウェストンによって発明されたためウェストン標準電池ともよばれている。負極にカドミウム‐10%アマルガムCd(10%Hg)を、正極に水銀Hgと硫酸水銀(Ⅰ)Hg2SO4を、そして電解液には硫酸カドミウム・8/3水和物CdSO4・8/3H2Oの飽和水溶液を用いたもので、以下のように示すことができる。

  Cd(10%Hg)|CdSO4・8/3H2O
   |CdSO4(H2O)|Hg2SO4|Hg
 起電力は20℃でE20=1.01830±1×10-5ボルトである。温度変化による起電力差はきわめて小さいが、国際的には0~40℃の間では下記に示すボルフの式で補正することになっている。

  EtE20-4.06×10-5(t-20)
    -9.5×10-7(t-20)2
    +1×10-8(t-20)3
ここでEtは温度t℃における起電力である。

 純度の高い薬品を用い、注意深く正確に組み立てれば長期の安定性はよい。また校正時に電流を流さないこと、直射日光を避けること、振動を与えたり転倒させたりしないことに注意して取り扱えば、経年変化は1年あたり数マイクロボルト(μV)以下に抑えることができる。

 なお、カドミウム標準電池の硫酸カドミウムのかわりに硫酸亜鉛ZnSO4を用いたクラーク電池が標準電池として用いられたこともあったが、温度係数が比較的大きいため、現在ではほとんど使用されていない。

 1970年代からジョセフソン電圧標準によって電圧の標準が確立されているので、標準電池は二次標準としての役割をもつものとなっている。

[浅野 満]

『電池便覧編集委員会編『電池便覧』(2001・丸善)』

[参照項目] | 一次電池 | ウェストン | ジョセフソン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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