Dairi - Imperial Court

The area of ​​the Imperial Palace (Daidairi) where the emperor lives. The Imperial Palace. Naniwa Palace, Fujiwara Palace, Nagaoka Palace, and Heijo Palace have been excavated, but Heian Palace has hardly been investigated. However, the layout and size of the palace buildings can be understood to some extent from various old maps and the detailed research book "Daidairi Zukosho" left by Uramatsu Mitsuyo (Kozen), a court official of the Edo period. The Dairi was located directly north of Chodoin (the main hall of the Daidairi) until Heijo Palace, but was moved slightly east of Chodoin at Nagaoka Palace and Heian Palace. This would have separated the public Chodoin from the private residence of the emperor. However, due to the changes in the Ritsuryo system, this change in the floor plan made the Dairi the central political center and strengthened the Chodoin's character as a place for ceremonies.

What has been confirmed as the Imperial Palace of Heijo is the Mibu Gate on the eastern side of the palace, located north of the Chodoin, and known as the Second Imperial Palace. It is a square area measuring 180 meters on each side, surrounded by the Tsuiji Corridor. On the southern side is an area surrounded by corridors, including the Seiden (corresponding to the Shishinden of the Heian Palace), which is nine bays east to west and five bays north to south, and was a place where public banquets and the like were held. On the northern side, buildings were arranged around a building slightly smaller than the Seiden, and this was the private quarters where the Emperor lived. The Seiden and other buildings were mainly made of planks and covered with cypress bark. The outside of the Inner Bailey (the area surrounded by the Tsuiji Corridor) is further surrounded by Tsuiji, and this is known as the Outer Bailey. The Imperial Palace in a broad sense includes the entire area, and between the inner and outer baileys were the government offices closely related to the Emperor's daily life.

At Nagaoka Palace (Muko City, Kyoto Prefecture), the Imperial Palace has been confirmed to be located to the east of the Chodo-in. Like Heijo Palace, it had an outer enclosure, and the inner enclosure was a square with sides of about 160 meters, surrounded by a Tsukiji corridor, with the Seiden (main hall) located in the center to the south. The pillars of the Seiden (main hall) and other structures were removed and apparently used in the construction of Heian-kyo.

The Heian Palace's Imperial Palace was located in the east of the center of the Daidairi, northeast of the Chodoin. The outer bailey of Tsukiji was the largest, measuring 113 jo (approximately 342 meters) from east to west and 100 jo (approximately 303 meters) from north to south. The inner bailey was surrounded by the Tsukiji Corridor to the east, while to the north were the Ranrinbo, Keihobo, and Kahobo temples, and to the west were the Chukaiin, Naizenshi, and Unememachi. The inner bailey was 57 jo (approximately 173 meters) from east to west and 72 jo (approximately 218 meters) from north to south, with the Shishinden Hall in the center of the south side and the four palaces to the south of that being the public areas, and to the north were the Emperor's private palaces, including the Seiryoden Hall. To the north of that was the inner palace, where the empress and consorts lived, and the buildings were roofed with cypress bark, made of plain wood (white wood = wood in its natural state), and had wooden floors. This type of structure, where the public and private areas were separated into north and south and the buildings were arranged symmetrically on the left and right, was also seen in Heijo Palace, but the distinctive feature of the Heian Imperial Palace was that each building was connected by a corridor.

The Imperial Palace, built when the capital was moved to Heian in 794 (Enryaku 13), burned down about 160 years later in 960 (Tentoku 4), and construction was immediately assigned to the carpentry bureau, repair workers, and 27 provinces, and was completed the following year. After that, frequent fires led to the emergence of Sato Dairi (village palaces) such as Ichijodono, and in the late Heian period, the emperor would live in a Sato Dairi on a daily basis and return to the Imperial Palace for ceremonies, and some mansions were built as Sato Dairi from the beginning.

The Kamakura period was similar, with the original Imperial Palace not being rebuilt after it burned down in 1227 (Ansei 1). Plans to rebuild the Daidairi were made during the Kenmu Restoration, but they were cancelled, and after the Northern and Southern Courts period, Tsuchimikado Higashino Toin Palace, built at the end of the Kamakura period, was established as the Imperial Palace. It was small in scale and its structure was quite different from the Heian Imperial Palace. In the early modern period, the scale was expanded, and after a fire in 1788 (Tenmei 8) in the late Edo period, the Shishinden and Seiryoden were restored to resemble the Heian Imperial Palace, and it burned down in 1854 (Ansei 1), but was rebuilt soon after, and served as the Imperial Palace until the capital was moved to Tokyo in 1869 (Meiji 2). This is the current Kyoto Imperial Palace.

[Sanae Yoshida]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

宮城（大内裏）の中で天皇の住む一画。皇居。難波(なにわ)宮、藤原宮、長岡宮、平城宮などは発掘調査されているが、平安宮はほとんど未調査である。しかし各種の古図や江戸時代の有職故実(ゆうそくこじつ)家裏松光世(うらまつみつよ)（固禅(こぜん)）が残した詳細な考証書『大内裏図考証(だいだいりずこうしょう)』などによって殿舎の配置・規模などはある程度わかる。内裏は平城宮までは朝堂院（大内裏の正庁）の真北にあり、長岡宮、平安宮では朝堂院のやや東に移された。これは公的な朝堂院と、天皇の私的な居所を分離したものであろう。しかし、律令(りつりょう)体制の変質によって、この平面の変化がかえって内裏を政治の中心的な場とし、朝堂院は儀式の場としての性格を強めることになった。

　平城宮の内裏として確認されているのは、宮城東寄りの壬生(みぶ)門――朝堂院の北に位置し、第二次内裏といわれた所である。築地(ついじ)回廊に囲まれた、1辺約180メートルの正方形の地域で、南側には東西9間、南北5間の正殿（平安宮の紫宸(ししん)殿にあたる）などを回廊で囲んだ一画があり、公の宴などが催されたりした場所である。北側は正殿より少し小さめの殿舎の周囲に建物が配され、天皇が起居する私的な区画であった。正殿などの殿舎は檜皮葺(ひわだぶ)きで板敷きのものが中心となっていた。内郭（築地回廊が囲む区域）の外側をさらに築地で囲み、これを外郭という。広い意味の内裏はこの全体を含み、内郭と外郭の間に、天皇の日常生活と関係の深い官衙(かんが)（官庁）があった。

　長岡宮（京都府向日(むこう)市）では、朝堂院の東方に内裏が確認されている。平城宮と同様外郭が存在しており、内郭は1辺約160メートルの正方形で築地回廊に囲まれ、その南中央に正殿が位置していた。正殿などの柱は抜き取られて、平安京の造営に使用されたらしい。

　平安宮の内裏は大内裏の中央東寄り、朝堂院の北東にあった。築地の外郭は東西113丈（約342メートル）、南北100丈（約303メートル）ともっとも大きい。東部に築地回廊で囲まれた内郭、その北に蘭林坊(らんりんぼう)、桂芳(けいほう)坊、華芳(かほう)坊、西に中和院(ちゅうかいん)、内膳司(ないぜんし)、采女町(うねめまち)があった。内郭は東西57丈（約173メートル）、南北72丈（約218メートル）で、南側中央に位置する紫宸殿と、その南にある4殿が公的な部分であり、北側に清涼(せいりょう)殿など天皇の私的な殿舎があった。その北が皇后・女御(にょうご)などの居所がある後宮で、建物は檜皮葺き、素木(しらき)（白木＝木地のままの木材）造、板敷きであった。このように南北に公私を分け、左右対称に殿舎を配する形態は平城宮でもみられたが、各建物を廊で結んだのが平安内裏の特色である。

　794年（延暦13）の平安遷都でつくられた内裏は、約160年後の960年（天徳4）に全焼、ただちに木工寮(もくりょう)、修理職(しゅりしき)と27か国に造営を分担させ、翌年完成した。その後、火災の頻発により、一条殿などの里内裏(さとだいり)が現れ、平安後期になると天皇は日常は里内裏に住み、儀式のときに内裏に帰るようになり、初めから里内裏として造営される邸宅もあった。

　鎌倉時代も同様で、本来の内裏は1227年（安貞1）焼亡したのちは再建されていない。建武(けんむ)の新政で大内裏再建が計画されたものの中止され、南北朝以後は鎌倉末期につくられた土御門東洞院殿(つちみかどひがしのとういんどの)が、内裏として固定する。ここは規模も小さく、構成なども平安内裏とはかなり異なっていた。近世に入って規模が拡大され、江戸後期の1788年（天明8）の火災後、紫宸殿、清涼殿などが平安内裏を復原して造営され、1854年（安政1）に焼亡したがすぐ再建され、1869年（明治2）の東京遷都まで皇居であった。現在の京都御所がこれである。

［吉田早苗］

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