Relativistic quantum mechanics

Japanese: 相対論的量子力学 - そうたいろんてきりょうしりきがく(英語表記)relativistic quantum mechanics
Relativistic quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics incorporating the theory of special relativity. The Schrödinger equation, the fundamental equation of quantum mechanics, corresponds to Newtonian mechanics in classical physics. It is a first-order differential equation in time and a second-order differential equation in space, and is not invariant under Lorentz transformations. Since the theory of special relativity is invariant under Lorentz transformations, in order to adapt the Schrödinger equation to the theory of special relativity, Oskar Benjamin Klein (1894-1977) and Walter Gordon (1893-1939) formulated the Schrödinger equation to be invariant under Lorentz transformations using the dispersion relation of the theory of special relativity (the relationship between total energy, mass energy, and momentum). This is called the Klein-Gordon equation. However, the Klein-Gordon equation did not take spin into account, and was an equation for particles with spin 0. Therefore, considering application to electrons with half-integer spin, Dirac proposed the Dirac equation, which is an extension of the Klein-Gordon equation. The Dirac equation predicted the existence of an electron with negative mass, but it was later discovered that this particle was the antiparticle of the electron (the positron). However, quantum mechanics incorporating the general theory of relativity has not yet been completed.

[Masashi Yamamoto]

[References] | General theory of relativity | Schrödinger's wave equation | Spin | Theory of relativity | Dirac | Special theory of relativity | Positron | Quantum mechanics | Lorentz transformation

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

特殊相対性理論を取り込んだ量子力学。量子力学の基本方程式であるシュレーディンガー方程式は古典物理のニュートン力学に対応したもので、時間について1階、空間について2階の微分方程式であり、ローレンツ変換に関して不変ではない。特殊相対性理論はローレンツ変換に対して不変なので、シュレーディンガー方程式を特殊相対性理論に適合させるために、クラインOskar Benjamin Klein(1894―1977)とゴルドンWalter Gordon(1893―1939)がシュレーディンガー方程式を特殊相対性理論の分散関係(全エネルギーと質量エネルギーおよび運動量の関係)を使い、ローレンツ変換に対して不変になるように定式化した。これをクライン‐ゴルドン方程式とよぶ。しかしクライン‐ゴルドン方程式はスピンについて考慮されておらず、スピン0の粒子についての方程式であった。そのため、半整数のスピンをもつ電子への適用を考え、ディラックがクライン‐ゴルドン方程式を拡張したディラック方程式を提案した。このディラック方程式は負の質量をもつ電子を予言したが、後に、その粒子は電子の反粒子(陽電子)であることが判明した。ただし、いまだに一般相対性理論を取り込んだ量子力学は完成していない。

[山本将史]

[参照項目] | 一般相対性理論 | シュレーディンガーの波動方程式 | スピン | 相対性理論 | ディラック | 特殊相対性理論 | 陽電子 | 量子力学 | ローレンツ変換

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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