Artificial valve

Japanese: 人工弁
Artificial valve

The heart is divided into four chambers (the left and right atria and the ventricles), and the valves prevent the blood from mixing between these chambers, allowing the heart to function as a pump efficiently. Think of the valves as being like doors separating the chambers.

When the blood circulation in the heart deteriorates due to inflammation, aging, or other reasons that impair the function of the original valve, an artificial valve is a machine that is installed through surgery to replace the broken door.

Although they are called mechanical valves, they are powered by one's own blood flow and open and close in accordance with the contraction and expansion of the heart. They can be broadly divided into biological valves made from biological tissue (bovine or porcine pericardium) and mechanical valves made from stainless steel or other materials.

Since the artificial valve is a foreign body to the body, it will clot with one's own blood and become unable to function if left as is. Therefore, it is necessary to continue taking blood thinners (such as warfarin) for the rest of one's life.

In contrast, biological valves are made of biological tissue, so there is no need to take warfarin. For this reason, biological valves are used in surgery for young women who wish to become pregnant or give birth, and elderly people who are at high risk of bleeding.

However, biological valves have the disadvantage that they deteriorate on average every 10 years, requiring reoperation.Mechanical valves, on the other hand, do not need to be replaced on average for 20 years.Both types are prone to infection, so care must be taken.

Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

 心臓は4つの部屋(左右の心房、心室)に分かれていますが、これらの間で血液が混ざらず、心臓が効率よくポンプとしての機能を果たすようにしているのが弁です。部屋についている仕切りのドアのようなものと思ってください。

 これが炎症や老化などで本来の弁膜の機能が損なわれたために心臓で血液循環の悪化が認められた場合、壊れたドアの代わりに手術で取り付けてはたらいてくれる機械が人工弁です。

 機械といっても動力は自分の血流であり、心臓の収縮・拡張に合わせて開閉します。大きく分けて生物の組織(ウシ・ブタの心膜)を使った生体弁とステンレスなどを用いた機械弁があります。

 人工弁は体にとっては異物なので、そのままでは自分の血液によって固まってしまい、動かなくなってしまいます。したがって血を固まりにくくする薬(ワルファリンなど)を生涯にわたってのみ続ける必要があります。

 これに対して、生体弁は生物の組織なのでワルファリンをのまなくても大丈夫です。このため妊娠・出産を希望する若年の女性や、出血の危険の多いお年寄りなどの手術には生体弁が用いられます。

 ただし、生体弁は平均10年で劣化し、再手術を必要とする欠点があります。一方、機械弁では平均20年は交換の必要がありません。どちらも感染に弱いという宿命があり、注意が必要です。

出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

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