Legally, the mental capacity to determine the meaning and consequences of one's actions. Generally, a person is considered to have mental capacity at about the age of 10, but since the current Civil Code does not have a uniform provision regarding age, the only way to determine whether or not a person has mental capacity is to determine whether or not they have mental capacity on a case-by-case basis depending on the type of act. Infants and people who are drunk or unconscious do not have mental capacity, and legal acts performed by such people are considered invalid, and neither case law nor academic theory recognizes their legal effect. In addition, even in the case of torts, if the tortfeasor does not have sufficient mental capacity to be aware of the responsibility of his or her act (lack of mental capacity), no responsibility will arise (Civil Code Articles 712 and 713). Both of these are expressions of the basic principle of modern civil law that emphasizes the will of individuals (the principle of private autonomy). [Yasuyuki Takahashi and Masamitsu Nozawa] [Reference items] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
法律上、自分の行為の意味や結果を判断することのできる精神能力。一般にだいたい10歳になれば意思能力を備えるものと考えられるが、現行民法には年齢についての画一的な規定がないので、行為の種類に応じて個別的に意思能力の有無を判断するほかない。幼児や泥酔中あるいは失神中の者には意思能力がなく、こうした者の行った法律行為は無効とされ、判例・学説ともに法律上の効果を認めていない。 なお、不法行為においても、不法行為者がその行為の責任を知るのに十分な知的能力がない場合(意思能力のない場合)には、責任が発生しないものとされている(民法712条・713条)が、いずれも人の意思を重視する(私的自治の原則)近代民法の基本原理の表れである。 [高橋康之・野澤正充] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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