Type theory - type theory

Japanese: タイプ理論 - タイプりろん(英語表記)theory of types
Type theory - type theory
A concept proposed and introduced by Bertrand AW Russell to avoid paradoxes seen in early set theory, such as the Cesare Burari-Forti paradox about the "set of all ordinals" and the Georg FLP Cantor paradox about the "set of all sets." It is also called type theory. Russell argued that the paradox caused by the idea of ​​a whole, including self-negation, contained in the statement "the set of all sets of which it is not a member," can be resolved by observing the principle of circular reasoning, which states that "what contains all sets cannot be one of them." The theory he established to eliminate this contradiction is type theory. In other words, he limited the domain of objects in which a certain X is meaningful, called this type (hierarchy), and classified the individual object, which is the direct object, as the first type, the set of individual objects (functions) as the second type, and the set of sets as the third type, and that different types should not be confused. Russell himself applied this type theory to other semantic and epistemological paradoxes (Epimenides' liar paradox and Berry's paradox), and it influenced later mathematical foundations and semantics. (→ Paradox)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
初期の集合論にみられたパラドックス,「すべての順序数の集合」に関するチェザーレ・ブラリ=フォルティのパラドックス,「すべての集合の集合」に関するゲオルク・F.L.P.カントルのパラドックスなどを避けるためにバートランド・A.W.ラッセルが提唱,導入した概念。階型理論ともいう。ラッセルは「自己自身をメンバーとしないすべての集合の集合」という叙述に含まれる,自己否定を含む全体という観念によるパラドックスを解決するには「すべての集合を含むものは,その集合の一つであってはならない」という循環論法の原理を守ればよいとした。この矛盾を排除するためにたてた理論がタイプ理論である。すなわち,ある Xが有意味であるような対象の領域を限定して,これをタイプ(階型)と呼び,直接の対象である個物を第1のタイプ,個物の集合(関数)を第2のタイプ,集合の集合を第3のタイプとし,タイプの異なるものを混同してはならないとした。このタイプ理論はラッセル自身によってほかの意味論的・認識論的パラドックス(エピメニデスの嘘つきのパラドックスや,ベリーのパラドックス)にも適用され,のちの数学基礎論や意味論に影響を与えた。(→逆理)

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