Selection - Tota (English spelling)

Japanese: 淘汰 - とうた(英語表記)selection
Selection - Tota (English spelling)
A biological term. It refers to the phenomenon or operation in which unfit individuals are eliminated from a population of organisms, and only the fittest individuals with specific traits survive and reproduce. It is also called selection. It can be divided into artificial selection and natural selection. Artificial selection has been used in breeding to select superior individuals from a population of various lineages and develop new varieties. Natural selection came to be taken up as an important issue in the biological world because C. Darwin considered it important as a factor in evolution. Darwin believed that through natural selection, only those organisms that are even slightly more adapted to the environment survive, and new traits arise from the accumulation of small mutations, and that new species are created when these accumulate. He believes that the significant differences in form and color between males and females are the result of this kind of differentiation, which he calls sexual selection. A typical claim of neo-Darwinism is that changes in species and varieties are always brought about by differences in advantages and disadvantages in selection, no matter how small, and although there have been some criticisms of this, the basic position of experimental evolution is that natural selection is one of the main factors in evolution. At present, at least at the level of protein molecules, the accumulation of traits that are neutral (neither advantageous nor disadvantageous) with respect to selection is also an issue.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
生物学用語。ある生物集団において,不適当な個体が排除され,特定の形質をもつ生存力の大きい適者が生残って繁殖する現象,またはそのような操作をさす。選択ともいう。人為淘汰と自然淘汰に分けられる。人為淘汰は,育種において,種々の系統の混った集団のなかから優良な個体を選抜し,新しい品種を育成する手段として用いられてきた。自然淘汰は C.ダーウィンが進化の要因として重要視したことから,生物界の重要な問題として取上げられるようになった。ダーウィンは自然淘汰によって,その環境に少しでもより適応したものが生残り,微小変異が積重なって新しい形質が生じ,さらにこれらが集積すると新しい種が生じると考えた。雄と雌とが形態や色彩が著しく異なるのも,このような分化が行われたものと考え,これを性淘汰と呼んでいる。ネオダーウィニズムの典型的な主張においては,種や品種の変化は,必ず,いかに小さいにせよ淘汰での有利・不利の差により導かれると考えられ,それに対する難点も指摘されてきたが,自然淘汰が進化の主要な要因の一つであるとするのが実験進化学の基本的な立場である。現在では少くとも蛋白質分子のレベルでは,淘汰について中立 (有利でも不利でもない) の形質の蓄積も問題となっている。

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