Second Republic (English: La Deuxième République French)

Japanese: 第二共和政 - だいにきょうわせい（英語表記）La Deuxième République フランス語

The French political system established by the February Revolution of 1848 and lasted until 1852. It is also written as the Second Republic.

[Katsura Yoshio]

Provisional Government Period

After three days of street fighting starting on February 22, 1848, the people of Paris occupied the Royal Palace, King Louis Philippe abdicated, and on the 24th, the parliamentary republicans formed a provisional government headed by the romantic poet Lamartine, who proclaimed a republic and universal male suffrage. The provisional government was composed mainly of bourgeois republicans (Nationale faction), with the addition of radical republicans (Reform faction) Ledru Rolland, socialist Louis Blanc, and worker Albert (real name Alexandre Martin) (1815-95), and declared the guarantee of workers' right to livelihood, and proposed measures to combat unemployment, such as the establishment of the "Committee for Labour" (Luxembourg Committee) and national factories (workshops). However, this did not solve the economic depression that had been occurring since the previous year, and the imposition of a surcharge of 45 centimes per franc of direct tax caused dissatisfaction among workers, farmers, and small merchants and manufacturers. In this situation, the Constituent Assembly elections were held on April 23rd, despite opposition from socialists such as Blanqui and the revolutionary forces, and as a result, the bourgeois republicans won a landslide victory, with royalists also making notable gains.

[Katsura Yoshio]

The period of the Constituent Assembly

The parliamentary republicans formed a five-member "Executive Committee" to replace the Provisional Government, and in preparation for the threat of riots by unemployed people from all over the country who were heading for the national factories, they made their confrontational stance clear against the workers, and after suppressing the workers' riot of May 15, 1848, which was triggered by the Polish problem, they decided to close the national factories, and then gave full powers to the Minister of War, Cavaignac, to brutally suppress the June workers' riots that broke out in reaction to this. After that, under the strong-arm rule of the conservative bourgeois republicans with Cavaignac as cabinet chairman, the "Party of Order", a coalition of royalist factions, gained more influence. In the presidential election held on December 10th based on the "Constitution of the Second Republic" promulgated on November 4th, Napoleon I's nephew, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, was elected president with the support of the peasants, far exceeding expectations, and the cabinet of Camille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot (1791-1873), a left-wing figure in the dynasty, was formed.

[Katsura Yoshio]

Legislative Assembly Period

In the Legislative Assembly elections held in May 1849, the Party of Order won and the bourgeois republicans suffered a crushing defeat, but the radical republican "Mountain" also made notable advances. The president first put down the Montagne revolt of June 13, which was triggered by the issue of sending troops to Rome, and then went on a confrontation with the Party of Order, dismissing the Barrow government in November and forming a super-parliamentary government. He then diverted the public discontent caused by the abolition of universal suffrage by the parliament in May 1850 onto the parliament, and by skillfully exploiting the conflicts between the various parties, he consolidated his position. Taking advantage of the parliament's rejection of a proposed amendment to the constitution banning the reelection of the president as the direct catalyst, he carried out a coup d'état on December 2, 1851, arrested and expelled all opponents, and seized dictatorial power.

[Katsura Yoshio]

Presidential dictatorship

After the coup was approved by an overwhelming majority in a referendum, Louis Napoleon promulgated a new constitution in January 1852 that gave dictatorial powers to a president with a ten-year term, and after touring the country and fanning the flames of Napoleon worship, he called for another referendum, restored the imperial system, and took the name Napoleon III. Thus, the Second Empire was established, replacing the Second Republic. The focus of recent research on the Second Republic has been shifting from political history to social history, which is based on analysis of the living conditions of workers and public consciousness, and comprehensively explores the relationship between popular movements and the political process.

[Katsura Yoshio]

"The Revolution of 1848" by Gaston Martin, translated by Inoue Koji (Hakusuisha, Quessais-Jou paperback)" ▽ "The Class Struggle in France" by Karl Marx, translated by Nakahara Toshio, and "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte" translated by Murata Yoichi (included in the Collected Works of Marx and Engels, Vols. 7 and 8, 1961 and 1962, Otsuki Shoten)" ▽ "Louis Girard La Ⅱe République (1968, Calmann-Lévy, Paris)"

[References] | Second Empire | February Revolution

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1848年の二月革命によって成立し、52年まで続いたフランスの政治体制。第二共和制とも書く。

［桂　圭男］

臨時政府の時期

1848年2月22日から3日間の市街戦ののち、パリ民衆は王宮を占領、国王ルイ・フィリップは退位し、24日議会共和派はロマン派の詩人ラマルチーヌを首班とする臨時政府を結成、共和制と男子普通選挙を宣言した。臨時政府は、ブルジョア共和派（ナシオナール派）を主体に、急進共和派（レフォルム派）のルドリュ・ロラン、社会主義者のルイ・ブラン、労働者のアルベールAlbert（本名Alexandre Martin）（1815―95）を加え、労働者の生活権の保障を宣言、「労働対策委員会」（リュクサンブール委員会）と国立工場（作業場）の設立などの失業対策を打ち出したが、前年来の経済恐慌を解決できず、直接税一フランにつき45サンチームの付加税をかけたため、労働者、農民、小商工業者の不満を買った。この情勢のなかで、ブランキらの社会主義者や革命勢力の反対を押し切って行われた4月23日の憲法制定議会選挙の結果、ブルジョア共和派が圧勝、王党派の進出も目だった。

［桂　圭男］

憲法制定議会の時期

議会共和派は、臨時政府にかえて5人メンバーの「執行委員会」を結成、国立工場を目ざして全国から流入する失業者の暴動の脅威に備え、労働者との対決姿勢を鮮明にし、ポーランド問題を契機とする1848年5月15日の労働者の暴動を鎮圧したのち、国立工場の閉鎖に踏み切り、これに反発して起こった労働者の六月暴動を陸相カベニャックに全権を賦与して過酷に鎮圧した。以後、カベニャックを内閣議長とする保守化したブルジョア共和派の強権支配の下で、王党諸派の連合体である「秩序党」の発言権が高まった。11月4日に公布された「第二共和政憲法」に基づき12月10日に行われた大統領選挙では、予想をはるかに超えてナポレオン1世の甥(おい)ルイ・ナポレオン・ボナパルトが農民の支持を受けて大統領に当選、王朝左派のオディロン・バローCamille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot（1791―1873）内閣が成立した。

［桂　圭男］

立法議会の時期

1849年5月に行われた立法議会選挙の結果、秩序党が勝利しブルジョア共和派は惨敗したが、急進共和派の「山岳党」の進出も目だった。大統領は、まずローマ派兵問題を契機とする6月13日の山岳党の反乱を鎮圧したのち、秩序党との対決に踏み切り、11月バロー内閣を解任して超議会内閣をつくった。ついで、50年5月の議会による普通選挙の廃止が引き起こした大衆の不満を議会にそらし、諸党派の対立を巧みに利用しながら地歩を固め、大統領の再選を禁止する憲法条文の修正提案を議会が否決したことを直接の契機として、51年12月2日、クーデターを決行、いっさいの反対派を逮捕、追放して独裁権力を握った。

［桂　圭男］

大統領独裁期

人民投票の圧倒的多数でクーデターを追認されたルイ・ナポレオンは、任期10年の大統領に独裁的権限を与える新憲法を1852年1月に公布し、全国を遊説してナポレオン崇拝熱をあおったのち、再度人民投票に訴え、帝制を復活、ナポレオン3世と称した。こうして第二共和政にかわって、第二帝政（制）が成立した。第二共和政に関する最近の研究の重心は、政治史よりも労働者の生活環境、民衆意識の分析を基礎とし、民衆運動と政治過程との関連を総合的に追究する社会史に移りつつある。

［桂　圭男］

『ガストン・マルタン著、井上幸治訳『一八四八年の革命』（白水社・文庫クセジュ）』▽『カール・マルクス著、中原稔生訳『フランスにおける階級闘争』、村田陽一訳『ルイ・ボナパルトのブリュメール十八日』（『マルクス＝エンゲルス全集　第7、8巻』所収・1961、62・大月書店）』▽『Louis GirardLa Ⅱe République (1968, Calmann-Lévy, Paris)』

[参照項目] | 第二帝政 | 二月革命

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