This refers to a society divided into two symmetrical groups. Each of these groups is called a half tribe. Many examples are known from the indigenous societies of the lowlands of South America, eastern Indonesia, and Australia. This organization is supported by dualism, which divides villages, human groups, and the universe into two groups. The French anthropologist Lévi-Strauss classified these into lineal structures (such as a village divided into two by a north-south line) and concentric structures (such as a circular village divided into a center and a periphery). There are also known systems of relational names that are divided into two major categories (such as blood relatives and affinity relatives that are clearly separated and cannot be confused), and these are called two-section systems. The concepts of dualism and half tribes are sometimes used only when a society is divided into two exogamous groups, but they are also used for ritual groups whose members are determined regardless of kinship or marriage relationships. [Hideo Kimura] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
社会が対称的な二つの集団に区分されているものをさす。区分されているそれぞれを半族とよぶ。南アメリカ低地先住民社会や、東インドネシア、オーストラリアなどで多くの例が知られている。この組織を支えているのは、集落・人間集団・宇宙などを二分して考える双分観dualismである。これを、フランスの人類学者レビ(レヴィ)・ストロースは、直系的構造(南北の線で村落が二分されているものなど)と同心円的構造(円形の村落が中心部と周辺部に二分されているものなど)に分類している。大きく二つのカテゴリーに二分されている(血族と姻族が明確に区分され混同されないものなど)タイプの関係名称体系も知られており、二分体系two section systemとよばれる。双分組織や半族という概念は社会が二つの外婚集団に区分されているときにのみ使われる場合もあるが、親族や婚姻関係とかかわりなくメンバーが決定される儀礼的集団に対しても用いられる。 [木村秀雄] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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