Masada - Masada (English spelling)

Japanese: マサダ - まさだ(英語表記)Masada
Masada - Masada (English spelling)

An ancient site in eastern Israel. It is located on an isolated plateau (about 390 meters high on the east side) on the west shore of the Dead Sea, surrounded by cliffs on the north, east, and south sides, and a steep slope on the west side. In the second half of the 2nd century BC, the Maccabean kings made it a fortress. In 40 BC, Herod the Great took his family here for refuge during the Parthian invasion, and it was later developed as a base and a summer palace on the southernmost defense line of his kingdom. The plateau was surrounded by a wall, except for the north side, where a small palace with three tiers stands on the cliff edge, and inside it were the main palace on the west side, as well as barracks, baths, an armory, a food storehouse, a large cistern, and a pool. Water was obtained from winter rains and temporary flowing water from a dry river. A structure believed to be the oldest surviving synagogue was also discovered here. The only way to reach the settlement on the plateau was to use the steep ascent known as the Serpent Passage on the east side, but now there is a cableway there. Later, Roman troops were stationed here, but during the Jewish revolt that began in 66 AD, about 1,000 radicals (a faction of the Zealots) seized it and barricaded themselves there. 7,000 Roman soldiers under the command of Flavius ​​Silva besieged it and took it in May 73 AD. The tragic circumstances are known from excavations and Josephus's The Jewish War. The remains of the eight camps set up by the besieging forces at the foot of the plateau, the enclosure wall, and the western entrance route can be seen, and furniture, old coins, food, pieces of cloth, scrolls, and inscribed pottery fragments have been excavated from the ruins of the destroyed plateau.

[Hideo Ogawa]

Masada, by Y. Yadin, translated by Tokuyoshi Tamaru (1972, Yamamoto Shoten)

[Reference] | Zerothai
Plan of Masada
©Shogakukan ">

Plan of Masada


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イスラエル東部の古代遺跡。死海西岸の孤立した台地(東側の高さ約390メートル)の上にあり、北、東、南側は絶壁に囲まれ、西側も急斜面をなす。紀元前2世紀後半にマカベア朝の王たちがここを要塞(ようさい)とした。前40年にはパルティア人の侵入の際、ヘロデ大王が自分の家族をここに避難させたが、その後、彼の王国の最南端防衛線上の拠点兼離宮の所在地として開発された。崖縁(がいえん)に三段の小宮殿のある北側を除いて、台地は城壁で囲われ、その内部には西側にある本宮殿をはじめとして兵舎、浴場、武器庫、食糧庫、大貯水槽、プールなどが備えられた。水は冬季の雨と涸(か)れ川の一時的流水から得られた。また、現存する最古のシナゴーグ(ユダヤ教会堂)とされる建造物も発見された。台地上の居住地に達するためには、東側の「蛇形通路」とよばれる険しい上り道を利用するほかなかったが、現在はそこに索道が設けられている。その後、ローマ軍がここに駐屯したが、紀元後66年に始まったユダヤ人の反乱では、約1000人の過激派(熱心党(ゼーロータイ)の一派)が奪取して立てこもった。7000人のローマ兵がフラウィウス・シルワの指揮下にこれを包囲し、73年5月陥落させた。その悲劇的状況は、発掘調査とヨセフスの『ユダヤ戦記』によって知られる。包囲軍が台地の麓(ふもと)に設置した八つの陣営、囲壁、西側侵入路の遺跡がみられるほか、大破された台地上の遺構からは、家具、古銭、食物、布片、巻物、碑文付き土器片などが出土した。

[小川英雄]

『Y・ヤディン著、田丸徳善訳『マサダ』(1972・山本書店)』

[参照項目] | ゼーロータイ
マサダの平面図
©Shogakukan">

マサダの平面図


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