Cementite - Cementite

Japanese: セメンタイト - せめんたいと(英語表記)cementite
Cementite - Cementite

The compound of iron and carbon (Fe 3 C) is called cementite because it is as hard as cement. It is a crystal belonging to the orthorhombic crystal system, with a melting point of 1250°C, specific gravity of 7.4, and Vickers hardness of about 1300. It is ferromagnetic below 210°C.

Cementite is the main constituent phase of steel materials, and the performance of steel materials can be significantly improved by appropriately controlling its form and content. For example, piano wire is made by drawing steel with a carbon concentration of 0.8%, and fibrous cementite crystals are finely arranged within the iron crystals. This piano wire has extremely high strength and is used for wire ropes, etc.

When cementite is made into a granular form, the toughness of the steel is improved, making it less likely to break. The steel used in bridges and vehicles has minute cementite particles with a diameter of about 0.3 micrometers dispersed throughout the iron crystals.

White cast iron is made by dissolving a large amount of carbon in molten iron, pouring it into a mold, and solidifying it. Approximately 50% of the material is cementite, and it is used as a material for high-hardness parts. When this white cast iron is heated at high temperatures, cementite, an unstable compound, decomposes into graphite and iron. Taking advantage of this property, a small amount of a spheroidizing agent is added during casting, and graphite with a diameter of approximately 30 micrometers is dispersed in the iron crystals to produce spheroidal graphite cast iron, which has much greater toughness than regular cast iron. Cementite is not the only iron carbide known; hexagonal epsilon carbide (Fe 2 C) is also known.

[Taiji Nishizawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

鉄と炭素との化合物(Fe3C)はセメントのように硬いので、セメンタイトとよばれてきた。斜方晶系に属する結晶であり、融点は1250℃、比重7.4、ビッカース硬さ約1300。210℃以下で強磁性を示す。

 セメンタイトは鉄鋼材料の主要な構成相であり、その形態と含有量を適宜に制御することによって鉄鋼材料の性能が著しく改善される。たとえばピアノ線は、炭素濃度が0.8%の鋼を線引き加工したもので、繊維状のセメンタイト結晶が鉄結晶の中に細かく配列している。このピアノ線は強度がきわめて高いので、ワイヤロープなどに使用されている。

 セメンタイトの形態を粒状にすると、鋼の靭(じん)性が向上して、折れにくくなる。橋や車両などに使用されている鋼は、直径約0.3マイクロメートルの微細なセメンタイト粒子を鉄結晶中に分散させたものである。

 また白鋳鉄(はくちゅうてつ)は、融鉄に多量の炭素を溶かし、鋳型(いがた)に流し込んで凝固させたもので、全体の約50%がセメンタイトであり、高硬度部品の材料として使用されている。この白鋳鉄を高温で加熱すると、セメンタイトは不安定な化合物なので黒鉛と鉄とに分解する。この特性を利用して、鋳造の際に微量の球状化剤を加え、約30マイクロメートル直径の黒鉛を鉄結晶中に分散させたものが球状黒鉛鋳鉄であり、通常の鋳鉄よりもはるかに優れた靭性を示す。鉄の炭化物はセメンタイトだけではなく、六方晶系のイプシロン炭化物(Fe2C)なども知られている。

[西沢泰二]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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