Oil industry

Japanese: 石油産業 - せきゆさんぎょう
Oil industry

The oil industry consists of two sectors: the upstream sector, which explores for and discovers crude oil buried underground (exploration), develops production facilities and infrastructure (development), and extracts (production); and the downstream sector, which transports the extracted crude oil via pipelines and tankers to consuming countries (regions) (transportation), refines it in refineries to produce various petroleum products (refining), and transports it to consumers for sale (sales).

An oil company may be responsible for each of the following businesses: exploration, development, production, transportation, refining, and sales, but large international corporations generally operate as integrated companies that handle everything from exploration to product sales. Until World War II, refining departments, or refineries, were concentrated in crude oil producing areas or surrounding areas, and the mainstream method was to refining at the source, where petroleum products were transported to consumption areas. After the war, however, the mainstream method was to transport crude oil directly to consumption areas in large tankers and refine it there.

When crude oil is distilled and cracked in a refinery, it becomes various petroleum products such as LPG, gasoline, naphtha, jet fuel, kerosene, lubricating oil, heavy oil (A, B, C), and asphalt depending on the difference in boiling point. Gasoline, LPG, and diesel (diesel) are used for automobiles, diesel and heavy oil for ships, and jet fuel for aircraft; all of these are transportation fuels, while heavy oil is used for factories and thermal power plants, and LPG and kerosene are used as household fuels. Naphtha is also used as a petrochemical raw material and is converted into various chemical products such as synthetic resins, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, fertilizer, medicines, and cosmetics. In general, the United States shows a consumption structure centered on light products such as gasoline for automobiles, while in Japan, heavy oil C for factories and power plants is the main demand, and in Europe, kerosene and diesel for heating and kitchens account for a high proportion of the total. However, as a result of the sharp rise in crude oil prices since the 1970s, competing energy sources such as coal, natural gas, and atomic energy have entered the energy market, mainly for industrial use, power generation, and household use, resulting in a general slump in demand for heavy oil, diesel, and kerosene, and each country is showing a trend toward lighter fuels, with the proportion of gasoline increasing.

In any event, the oil industry was the largest energy industry in the second half of the 20th century, and although it is facing a historic turning point following the shale revolution in the early 21st century, it is likely to maintain that position in the future.

[Toshifumi Yada]

History of the Oil Industry

Rapid development and monopoly formation

The oil industry has developed in earnest since E. L. Drake succeeded in extracting oil in Pennsylvania, USA, in 1859. In the second half of the 19th century, oil was used for lighting and machine lubrication, but demand expanded dramatically in the 20th century with the establishment of markets for marine and automotive fuel. From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, Russia temporarily became the center of oil production due to the development of the Baku oil fields by European capital, but then the oil fields in Texas and East Texas were developed and production in the USA rapidly increased, and the USA maintained its position as the largest oil-producing country for about half a century, from the 1910s to the 1950s.

However, due to the recovery of production in the Soviet Union from the 1930s onwards, the full-scale development of Venezuela, and the sudden increase in production in the Middle East from the 1940s onwards, America's position gradually declined, and in the 1960s it ceded the top spot to the Middle East. Furthermore, Africa emerged as an important production area in the 1960s, and in the 1970s development got underway in the North Sea, Alaska, Mexico and China. In contrast, production in the former Soviet Union, where socialism had collapsed, and Iraq, whose facilities were destroyed in bombing raids by multinational forces, both saw a sharp decline in production in the 1990s. However, these cuts were offset by increased production in major oil-producing countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates, and production has been gradually increasing again since the late 1980s.

In 2017, global crude oil production was 92,649,000 barrels (14,730,000 kiloliters) per day, of which the largest producer was the Persian Gulf region (Middle East, 34.1%), including Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, the United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait, followed by North America, including the United States, Canada, and Mexico (21.7%), CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries, such as Russia and Kazakhstan (15.4%), Africa, including Nigeria, Angola, Algeria, and Libya (8.7%), the Asia-Pacific region, including China, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Australia (8.5%), Latin America, including Brazil, Venezuela, and Colombia (7.8%), and Europe, including Norway, the United Kingdom, and Denmark (3.8%). By country, the largest number of recipients were from the United States (14.1%), followed by Saudi Arabia (12.9%), Russia (12.2%), Iran (5.4%), Canada (5.2%), Iraq (4.9%), the United Arab Emirates (4.2%) and China (4.2%).

The history of the oil industry, which developed rapidly while including this shift in the main production areas, is also a history of the process of the formation of huge oil monopoly capital based in the United States and Western European countries, as well as the history of resistance to this by oil-producing countries based on "resource nationalism."

Before the Second World War, in Venezuela, Indonesia, the Middle East and other countries with major oil resources (excluding the US and the Soviet Union) where there was fierce competition and compromise between capitalists, a system of joint ownership of resources was established, and on this basis a total monopoly system was built over production, markets, prices, etc. The Red Line Agreement of 1928 regarding oil interests in the Mesopotamian region, the Akhnakary Agreement of 1928 between the three major oil companies, and the basing point system for price formation that has been maintained for a long time, are examples of the existence of a huge international oil cartel, which was supported by international oil capitalists known as the Seven Sisters: Exxon, Mobil, Socal, Gulf, Texaco, Shell, and BP (the seven companies have since merged repeatedly, and as of 2008, they have been consolidated into four super majors: ExxonMobil, Chevron, Royal Dutch Shell, and BP).

[Toshifumi Yada]

Post-World War II developments

After World War II, as production surged with the development of large oil fields in the Middle East, the international oil cartel was maintained in a different form from the prewar one. It did not take the form of clear production or market agreements, but rather adjusted global supply and demand through joint control of oil-producing companies among the majors, and steadily and slowly lowered prices in response to the export offensive of Soviet oil and the advance of independent capital. In the process, oil entered the energy markets of Western Europe and Japan, which were expanding rapidly in line with the high economic growth, and brought about a full-scale "energy revolution."

The widening gap between rising prices of imported industrial products and falling prices of exported crude oil, and the rapid depletion of crude oil resources due to the expansion of the oil market, caused anxiety and dissatisfaction in oil-producing countries. Through OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), which was formed in 1960, oil-producing countries strengthened their demands for price hikes and participation in the business, and achieved a significant increase in crude oil prices during the Fourth Arab-Israeli War in October 1973, and succeeded in taking away the power to determine prices from international oil capital (First Oil Crisis). Furthermore, in the wake of the Iranian Revolution in 1979, crude oil prices were once again significantly raised, and production restrictions were strengthened due to the need to conserve resources (Second Oil Crisis). During this period, oil-producing countries participated in business and nationalized oil-producing companies, and in most oil-producing countries, state-run companies completed control of the oil-producing sector.

The nationalization of major oil-producing countries established the leadership of oil-producing governments in determining global crude oil production and prices, while differences of opinion among oil-producing countries over oil production and price determination became more pronounced, weakening the OPEC cartel function. As a result, the price of benchmark crude oil (Arabian Light), which was $40 per barrel in 1981, dropped significantly to $15-20, and remained at that level even in the 1990s. In addition, OPEC's position in the world's energy supply declined due to the decline in demand due to the progress of energy conservation after the oil crisis, the increase in the proportion of alternative energy such as nuclear power and natural gas, and the increase in production of non-OPEC crude oil. In the 2000s, the world's oil energy supply became structurally insufficient due to a sharp increase in energy demand in China, India, and other countries, and benchmark crude oil prices rose, exceeding $100 in 2008 in some cases. Since then, due to the slump in demand caused by the Lehman Shock and the stagnation of the Chinese economy, the price has remained below roughly $100.

International oil companies, which were forced to withdraw from OPEC's oil-producing sector, continued their oil-producing activities in the United Arab Emirates, Nigeria, Indonesia, etc., and secured crude oil supplies by providing technical and administrative support to Saudi Arabia and other countries, while shifting the focus of their investments to non-OPEC regions such as Alaska and the North Sea. They also maintained a monopoly position in the oil industry of developed countries by continuing to control downstream sectors such as refining and sales.

[Toshifumi Yada]

Japan's Oil Industry

Incidentally, Japan's oil industry is almost entirely limited to the downstream sector, which involves importing crude oil from overseas and refining and selling it, making it highly susceptible to the effects of changes in the global oil industry.

When the occupying forces gave permission to reopen refineries on the Pacific coast in 1949, Japan's major oil companies formed alliances with international oil companies and were incorporated under their umbrellas in terms of capital, funds, technology, and crude oil supplies. After that, the oil market expanded rapidly due to the high economic growth and "energy revolution" from the second half of the 1950s onwards, and Japan's oil industry grew significantly. During this time, thanks in part to government policy support, the status of "ethnic" companies that were not capital-linked to international oil companies rose, and they became almost equal in power to "foreign" companies.

However, the stagnation of demand after the oil crisis has exacerbated excess capacity, and competition between companies has intensified, leading to a major restructuring of the industry. Among the international oil companies, Esso Mobil has strengthened its alliances, and Shell has consolidated into Showa Shell Sekiyu. Nippon Oil, formerly part of the Caltex group (Socal and Texaco), has also left the international oil companies, strengthening its alliance with Mitsubishi Oil, and merging in April 1999 to become Nippon Oil Mitsubishi (renamed Nippon Oil in 2002). Meanwhile, the independent companies have consolidated into Idemitsu, Japan Energy, Cosmo Oil (formerly Daikyo Oil and Maruzen Oil), and others. Imports of crude oil from oil-producing countries have also dropped significantly since the oil crisis, with only about a quarter coming from international oil companies, and about two-thirds now come from government-run companies in oil-producing countries via trading companies and other outlets.

[Toshifumi Yada]

Subsequent developments

In the 21st century, the demand for petroleum products in Japan has been declining by 1-2% annually due to the decline in the domestic population and the spread of eco-cars, and the number of gas stations nationwide has fallen to about 32,000, about half of the peak. In order to reorganize the country's excess production facilities and promote the production of high-value-added products such as naphtha, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry enacted the Energy Supply Structure Sophistication Act (officially known as the Act on the Promotion of the Use of Non-Fossil Energy Sources and the Effective Use of Fossil Energy Raw Materials by Energy Suppliers, Act No. 72 of 2009). The first notice (target achievement deadline: end of March 2014), the second notice (end of March 2017), and the third notice (end of March 2022) based on this act encourage the closure of less competitive refineries and the improvement of refining efficiency. In response to this, oil wholesalers that refine and sell petroleum products such as gasoline have rapidly restructured in order to improve their low profitability caused by the fierce price war. In the late 1970s, there were 16 oil wholesalers in Japan (Nippon Oil, Mitsubishi Oil, Kyushu Oil, Nippon Mining, Kyodo Oil, Idemitsu Kosan, Showa Sekiyu, Shell Sekiyu, Tonen, General Sekiyu, Esso Sekiyu, Mobil Sekiyu, Mitsui Oil, Daikyo Sekiyu, Maruzen Sekiyu, and Taiyo Sekiyu). As of 2017, these have been consolidated into four groups: (1) JXTG Energy, a merger of Nippon Oil, Nippon Mining, Tonen, General Sekiyu, Esso Sekiyu, and Mobil Sekiyu, (2) Idemitsu Kosan/Showa Shell Sekiyu Group (integrated in April 2019), (3) Cosmo Oil, a merger of Daikyo Sekiyu and Maruzen Sekiyu, and (4) Taiyo Oil. In addition to consolidating and streamlining their refining and manufacturing facilities, each group is also working to expand into and develop non-fossil fuel and new energy businesses, such as electricity retailing, gas retailing, and hydrogen businesses for fuel cell vehicles.

[Takeshi Yano December 13, 2018]

"International Petroleum Cartel," edited by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission and translated by Suwa Ryoji (1959, Sekiyu Hyoronsha)""Postwar Japanese Industrial History," edited by the Japan Industrial Association (1995, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)" ▽ "The Four-Polarized Petroleum Industry: Sales Strategies of Oil Distributors under the New System," edited by Iguchi Sukeo (2000, Oil Report)""50 Years of Oil Progress," edited and published by Sekiyu Tsushinsha (2005)"The Political Economy of the Petroleum Market: Petroleum Industry Regulation and Market Intervention in Japan and Canada," by Mito Takamichi (2006, Kyushu University Press)""General Energy Statistics, 2004 Edition, edited by the General Policy Division, Commissioner's Secretariat of the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (2006, Tsuyoshi and Industry Research Institute)" ▽ "Annual Resource and Energy Statistics Report: Petroleum, Coke, Metallic Minerals, Non-Metallic Minerals," edited by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (Annual Report on Resource and Energy Statistics, each year's edition (Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry)""Oil Data" various years' editions (Oil Press)""Heavy Chemical Industry Press, ed., "Petrochemical Industry in Japan" and "Petrochemical Industry in Asia" various years' editions""EDMC/Energy and Economic Statistics Handbook" various years' editions compiled by the Econometric Analysis Unit of the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (Energy Conservation Center)"

[References] | Liquefied petroleum gas | Gasoline | Diesel | Jet fuel | Heavy oil | Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries | Tanker | Kerosene | Drake | Naphtha | Pipeline | Baku oil fields

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

石油産業は、地中に埋蔵されている原油を探査・発見し(探鉱)、生産設備やインフラストラクチャーを整備し(開発)、採掘(生産)する上流部門up streamと、採掘された原油をパイプラインやタンカーで消費国(地域)まで輸送し(輸送)、製油所で精製して各種の石油製品をつくり(精製)、消費者の手元まで輸送して販売する(販売)下流部門down streamの二つによって構成されている。

 石油企業は、探鉱、開発、生産、輸送、精製、販売事業のそれぞれを担当する場合もあるが、国際的規模で活躍する巨大企業についてみると探鉱から製品販売までを経営する一貫操業会社の形態をとっているのが一般的である。第二次世界大戦前までは、精製部門すなわち製油所は原油産地または周辺地域に集中し、石油製品が消費地に輸送されるという産地精製方式が主流となっていたが、戦後は、原油を大型タンカーで直接消費地まで輸送し、そこで精製するという消費地精製方式が一般的となった。

 原油は、製油所で蒸留、分解されると、沸点の差によって、LPG、ガソリン、ナフサ、ジェット燃料、灯油、潤滑油、重油(A・B・C)、アスファルトなど各種の石油製品となる。ガソリン、LPG、軽油(ディーゼル)は自動車用、軽油や重油は船舶用、ジェット燃料は航空機用など、いずれも輸送用燃料となり、重油は工場や火力発電所用の燃料、LPGや灯油は家庭用燃料としてそれぞれ使用される。また、ナフサは石油化学用原料となり、合成樹脂、合成繊維、合成ゴム、肥料、医薬品、化粧品など各種の化学製品に転換される。一般に、アメリカでは自動車用のガソリンなど軽質製品中心の消費構造を示し、日本では工場や発電所用のC重油が需要の中心となり、ヨーロッパでは暖厨房(だんちゅうぼう)用の灯油や軽油の占める比率が高くなっている。しかし、1970年代以降の原油価格の高騰によって、石炭、天然ガス、原子力などの競合エネルギーが主として工場用、発電用、家庭用のエネルギー市場に進出したため、全般的に重油、軽油、灯油需要が停滞し、各国ともガソリンの比率が高まる市場の軽質化傾向を示している。

 いずれにしても、石油産業は20世紀後半の最大のエネルギー産業であり、21世紀初頭のシェール革命を経て歴史的な転機を迎えつつも、今後もその地位を維持するものと考えられる。

[矢田俊文]

石油産業の歴史

急速な発展と独占の形成

石油産業は、1859年にE・L・ドレークがアメリカのペンシルベニア州で石油の採取に成功して以来、本格的に発展した。19世紀後半に照明用や機械の潤滑用として使われていた石油も、20世紀に入って船舶用および自動車用燃料市場の確立とともに、需要が飛躍的に拡大した。19世紀末から20世紀初頭にかけてヨーロッパ資本によるバクー油田の開発によって、一時ロシアが生産の中心をなしていたが、その後テキサス、東テキサス油田が開発されて、アメリカの生産が急速に伸び、1910年代から1950年代まで約半世紀の間最大の石油産出国としての地位を維持し続けた。

 しかし、1930年代以降のソ連の生産の回復とベネズエラの本格的開発、1940年代に入ってからの中東の急増産などによって、アメリカの地位は漸次低下し、1960年代に中東にトップの座を譲った。さらに、1960年代にアフリカが重要な産地として登場し、1970年代には北海、アラスカ、メキシコ、中国での開発が軌道に乗った。かわって、社会主義が崩壊した旧ソ連諸国と多国籍軍の爆撃で施設を破壊されたイラクは、ともに1990年代に入って生産が激減した。しかし、これらの減産はサウジアラビア、イラン、アラブ首長国連邦など主力産油国の増産によって、1980年代後半以降ふたたび漸増傾向で推移した。

 2017年では、世界の原油生産量は、日産9264万9000バレル(1473万キロリットル)で、そのうち、サウジアラビア、イラン、イラク、アラブ首長国連邦、クウェートなどのペルシア湾岸(中東、34.1%)が最大の生産地域で、アメリカ、カナダ、メキシコの北アメリカ(21.7%)、ロシア、カザフスタンなどのCIS(独立国家共同体)諸国地域(15.4%)、ナイジェリア、アンゴラ、アルジェリア、リビアなどのアフリカ(8.7%)、中国、インドネシア、インド、マレーシア、タイ、ベトナム、オーストラリアなどのアジア太平洋地域(8.5%)、ブラジル、ベネズエラ、コロンビアなどの中南米(7.8%)、ノルウェー、イギリス、デンマークなどのヨーロッパ(3.8%)と続く。国別ではアメリカ(14.1%)がもっとも多く、続いてサウジアラビア(12.9%)、ロシア(12.2%)、イラン(5.4%)、カナダ(5.2%)、イラク(4.9%)、アラブ首長国連邦(4.2%)、中国(4.2%)の順となっている。

 こうした主産地の移動を内包しつつ急速に発展した石油産業の歴史は、他面ではアメリカや西ヨーロッパ諸国に本拠を置く巨大な独占石油資本の形成の過程であり、また、これに対する産油国の側の「資源ナショナリズム」に基づく抵抗の歴史でもあった。

 第二次世界大戦前においては、ベネズエラ、インドネシア、中東などアメリカやソ連を除く重要な石油資源をめぐる資本間の激しい競争と妥協のなかで、資源の共同所有体制が確立し、これを基盤にして生産、市場、価格など全面的な独占体制がつくりあげられた。メソポタミア地方の石油利権に関する1928年のレッド・ライン協定、三大石油会社による1928年のアクナカリー協定、さらには長い間維持されてきた価格形成における基準地点制度basing point systemなどが巨大な国際石油カルテルの存在を示すものであり、エクソン、モービル、ソーカル、ガルフ、テキサコ、シェル、BPのセブン・シスターズとよばれる国際石油資本がこれを支えた(その後7社は統合を繰り返し、2008年現在エクソンモービル、シェブロン、ロイヤル・ダッチ・シェル、BPのスーパー・メジャー4社に集約されている)。

[矢田俊文]

第二次世界大戦後の展開

第二次世界大戦後、中東における相次ぐ大油田の開発とともに生産が急増すると、国際石油カルテルは戦前とは別の形態をとって維持された。それは明確な生産や市場協定の形をとらず、メジャー間の産油会社の共同支配を通じて世界的な需給を調整することであり、ソ連石油の輸出攻勢や独立系資本の進出に対抗して価格を安定的かつゆっくりと引き下げることであった。この過程で、高度成長に伴って急速に拡大しつつあった西ヨーロッパや日本のエネルギー市場に、石油が石炭を駆逐しながら進出し、本格的な「エネルギー革命」をもたらした。

 輸入工業製品価格の上昇と輸出原油価格の低下というギャップの増大、および石油市場の拡大による原油資源の急激な減耗は、産油国の不安と不満を募らせた。産油諸国は、1960年結成のOPEC(オペック)(石油輸出国機構)を通じて価格引上げと事業参加要求を強め、1973年10月の第四次中東戦争の際に大幅な原油価格の引上げを実現するとともに、価格決定権自体を国際石油資本から奪うことに成功した(第一次石油危機)。さらに、1979年のイラン革命を契機にふたたび大幅に原油価格を引き上げ、資源保全の必要から生産の抑制を強めた(第二次石油危機)。この間、産油各国で産油会社への事業参加や国有化が進み、ほとんどの産油国で国営会社による産油部門の掌握が完了した。

 主要産油国での国有化の進展によって、世界の原油生産や価格決定における産油国政府の主導権が確立する一方で、産油量や価格決定をめぐる産油国間の意見の違いもより鮮明となり、OPECのカルテル機能が低下した。その結果、1981年に1バレル当り40ドルもあった基準原油(アラビアン・ライト)価格は15~20ドルと大幅に低下し、1990年代に入ってもそのレベルを維持していた。これに加え、石油危機後の省エネルギーの進展による需要の低迷、原子力や天然ガスなど代替エネルギーの比重の増大、非OPEC原油の増産などもあって、OPECの世界のエネルギー供給に占める地位は低下した。2000年代に入ると、中国、インドなどにおけるエネルギー需要の急増などもあり、世界における石油エネルギー供給量は構造的な不足状況となり、基準原油価格は上昇、2008年には100ドルを超えるケースも出現した。その後リーマン・ショックによる需要の低迷や中国経済停滞などで、おおよそ100ドルを割り込むかたちで推移している。

 OPECの産油部門からの撤退を余儀なくされた国際石油資本は、アラブ首長国連邦、ナイジェリア、インドネシアなどで産油活動を続けるとともに、サウジアラビアなどで技術や管理運営面での支援を行って、原油の確保を行う一方、アラスカや北海など非OPEC地域に投資の重点を移していった。また、精製・販売などの下流部門の掌握を引き続き行うことによって、先進国の石油産業での寡占的地位を保持している。

[矢田俊文]

日本の石油産業

ところで、日本の石油産業は、原油を海外から輸入して精製、販売する下流部門にほとんど限定されており、こうした世界石油産業の変転の影響を強く受けやすい。

 1949年(昭和24)の占領軍による太平洋岸製油所再開許可とともに、日本の主要な石油会社は、資本、資金、技術、原油供給など全面的に国際石油資本と提携し、その傘下に組み込まれた。その後、1950年代後半以降の高度成長と「エネルギー革命」によって石油市場が急速に拡大し、日本の石油産業は著しく成長した。この間、政府の政策的支援もあって、国際石油資本と資本的に結合していない「民族系」企業の地位が上昇し、「外資系」企業とほぼ互角の力をつけるに至った。

 しかし、石油危機以降の需要の停滞によって設備過剰が深刻化し、また、企業間競争もいっそう激化したため、業界の大幅な再編成が進んでいる。国際石油資本系列では、エッソ・モービル系が提携を強めるとともに、シェル系も昭和シェル石油として一本化した。かつて、カルテックス系(ソーカルとテキサコ系)であった日本石油系も国際石油資本系列から離脱し、三菱石油との提携を強め、1999年(平成11)4月に合併、日石三菱(2002年新日本石油に改称)となるとともに、民族系も出光(いでみつ)のほか、ジャパンエナジー系、コスモ石油(かつての大協石油と丸善石油)などに集約化した。産油国からの原油の輸入も、国際石油資本からのものは約4分の1程度と石油危機以降大幅に低下し、商社などを経由した産油国政府国営会社からのものが約3分の2を占めている。

[矢田俊文]

その後の動き

21世紀に入り、国内人口の減少やエコカーの普及などで、日本の石油製品需要は毎年1~2%ずつ減退し、全国の給油所数も約3万2000か所とピーク時の半分程度に減った。国内の過剰な生産設備を再編し、ナフサなど付加価値の高い製品製造を促すため、経済産業省は2009年(平成21)にエネルギー供給構造高度化法(正式名称「エネルギー供給事業者による非化石エネルギー源の利用及び化石エネルギー原料の有効な利用の促進に関する法律」、平成21年法律第72号)を施行。同法に基づく第1次告示(目標達成期限2014年3月末)、第2次告示(同2017年3月末)、第3次告示(同2022年3月末)で、競争力の低い製油所の閉鎖や精製効率の上昇を促している。これを受け、ガソリンなどの石油製品を精製・販売する石油元売り企業は、激しい安売り競争による低収益体質の改善を目ざし、急速に再編が進んだ。昭和50年代後半に、国内に16社(日本石油、三菱石油、九州石油、日本鉱業、共同石油、出光興産、昭和石油、シェル石油、東燃、ゼネラル石油、エッソ石油、モービル石油、三井石油、大協石油、丸善石油、太陽石油)あった元売り企業は、2017年時点で、(1)日本石油、日本鉱業、東燃、ゼネラル石油、エッソ石油、モービル石油などが統合したJXTGエネルギー、(2)出光興産・昭和シェル石油グループ(2019年4月に経営統合)、(3)大協石油と丸善石油が合併したコスモ石油、(4)太陽石油、の4グループに集約した。また各グループは精製・製造設備の集約・効率化と同時に、電力小売り、ガス小売り、燃料電池車向けの水素事業などの非化石・新エネルギー事業への進出・育成に取り組んでいる。

[矢野 武 2018年12月13日]

『米国連邦取引委員会編、諏訪良二訳『国際石油カルテル』(1959・石油評論社)』『産業学会編『戦後日本産業史』(1995・東洋経済新報社)』『井口祐男編『4極化した石油産業――新体制下の元売販売戦略』(2000・オイル・リポート社)』『石油通信社編・刊『石油50年の歩み』(2005)』『水戸考道著『石油市場の政治経済学――日本とカナダにおける石油産業規制と市場介入』(2006・九州大学出版会)』『資源エネルギー庁長官官房総合政策課編『総合エネルギー統計』平成16年度版(2006・通商産業研究社)』『経済産業省経済産業政策局・資源エネルギー庁編『資源・エネルギー統計年報 石油・コークス・金属鉱物・非金属鉱物』各年版(経済産業調査会)』『『石油資料』各年版(石油通信社)』『重化学工業通信社編・刊『日本の石油化学工業』『アジアの石油化学工業』各年版』『日本エネルギー経済研究所計量分析ユニット編『EDMC/エネルギー・経済統計要覧』各年版(省エネルギーセンター)』

[参照項目] | 液化石油ガス | ガソリン | 軽油 | ジェット燃料 | 重油 | 石油輸出国機構 | タンカー | 灯油 | ドレーク | ナフサ | パイプライン | バクー油田

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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