It is an abbreviation of polychlorinated biphenyls, and is also called polychlorinated biphenyls. Polychlorinated biphenyls are mistranslated but are used as a common term. They are a mixture of homologues obtained by chlorinating biphenyl (→ diphenyl) and replacing 3 to 6 hydrogen atoms in each molecule with chlorine atoms. They range from pale yellow oils to dark solids, and the composition of the mixture varies depending on the application. They have high electrical insulation, are non-flammable, and have excellent stability, so they have been used in a wide range of applications, such as insulators for transformers and capacitors, heat transfer media, paints, printing inks, copying paper, and plasticizers. However, following the Kanemi Yusho incident, production was discontinued in 1972 and their use is subject to strict restrictions. When they enter the body, they are not broken down and accumulate in fat, causing poisoning symptoms such as impaired vision and liver damage. The cumulative amount of PCBs used in Japan reached 60,000 tons, of which 20,000 to 30,000 tons were deemed unrecoverable, and the recovered amount was left in storage due to lack of an appropriate treatment method. In order to regulate the storage and disposal of PCBs and to promote their treatment, the Environmental Corporation Law was amended to give the Environmental Corporation the authority to install and manage PCB treatment facilities, and the PCB Special Measures Law (Law No. 65 of 2001) was enacted in 2001. The Environmental Corporation was dissolved in April 2004, and the PCB waste treatment support project (PCB fund) was transferred to the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency, an independent administrative institution, and the PCB waste treatment project was transferred to the Japan Environmental Safety Corporation. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
ポリクロロビフェニルの略で,ポリ塩素化ビフェニルともいい,ポリ塩化ビフェニルは,誤訳であるが慣用語として使われている。ビフェニル (→ジフェニル ) を塩素化することで,1分子中にあるそれぞれ3~6個の水素原子を,塩素原子に置き換えて得られた同族体の混合物である。淡黄色の油性から暗色の固体まであり,用途により混合物の組成が異なる。電気の絶縁性が高く,不燃で,安定性に優れているため,トランスやコンデンサの絶縁体,熱媒体,塗料,印刷用インキ,複写紙,可塑剤などと広範囲に利用されるようになったが,カネミ油症事件を契機に,1972年生産が中止され,厳しい使用制限を受けている。生体内に入ると分解されずに脂肪内に蓄積され,視力障害や肝臓障害などの中毒症状を起こす。日本における累積使用量は6万tに達し,2万~3万tは回収不能とされ,回収した分についても,適切な処理方法がないため蓄えられたままになっていたため,その保管・処分を規制するとともに処理を促進すべく,環境事業団に PCB処理施設の設置・管理権限を与える環境事業団法改正とともに 2001年,PCB特別措置法=「ポリ塩化ビフェニル廃棄物の適正な処理の推進に関する特別措置法」 (平成 13年法律 65号) が制定された。 2004年4月環境事業団は解散し,独立行政法人の環境再生保全機構にポリ塩化ビフェニル廃棄物処理助成事業 (PCB基金) が,日本環境安全事業株式会社にポリ塩化ビフェニル廃棄物処理事業がそれぞれ承継された。
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