An international organization under the United Nations whose purpose is to provide funding for projects that promote economic development in member countries of the United Nations. Its official name is the World Bank Group. Its headquarters are in Washington, DC, USA. In addition to being the largest source of financial aid for developing countries, it also provides technical assistance, policy advice, and oversees the implementation of free market reforms on behalf of creditor countries. Along with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), it plays a central role in overseeing economic policies in developing countries, reforming public systems, and clarifying global macroeconomic challenges. The World Bank Group is made up of five institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). IBRD provides loans at market interest rates to middle-income countries and creditworthy low-income countries. IDA provides interest-free long-term loans, technical assistance, and policy advice to low-income countries in areas such as health care, education, and rural development. IFC works with private investment institutions to provide loans and loan guarantees for projects in developing countries, as well as equity financing. MIGA provides loan guarantees and insurance to foreign investment institutions against losses arising from non-commercial risks such as war in developing countries. ICSID is an institution operated independently of IBRD, and its mission is to resolve investment disputes between foreign investment institutions and developing countries that accept investment through arbitration or mediation. In general, the term "World Bank" refers to the two institutions IBRD and IDA. The World Bank was established at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 with the goal of establishing a new international economic system after World War II, and officially began operations in June 1946. Its first loans were made to Western Europe for postwar reconstruction. From the mid-1950s onwards, it played a major role in providing investment capital for infrastructure development projects in developing countries, such as roads, hydroelectric dams, water and sewage systems, ports, and airports. Under the direction of former US Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, who served as president of the World Bank from 1968 to 1981, the World Bank invented the concept of "sustainable development," which attempted to balance economic growth and environmental protection in developing countries. Another feature of this concept was the use of development assistance and foreign capital inflows to developing countries as a means to reduce the income gap between rich and poor countries. The World Bank expanded its lending activities and developed into a powerful and authoritative intergovernmental institution with numerous research and policy departments. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
国際連合加盟国の経済開発を推進するプロジェクトへの資金提供を目的とした国連傘下の国際機関。正式名称は世界銀行グループ World Bank Group。本部所在地はアメリカ合衆国のワシントンD.C.。発展途上国に対する財政援助の最大の資金源であるほか,技術支援や政策助言,債権国に代わって自由市場改革の実施の監督なども行なう。国際通貨基金 IMFや世界貿易機関 WTOとともに,途上国における経済政策の監督や公的制度の改革,および世界的なマクロ経済的課題の明確化において中心的役割を担う。 世界銀行グループは国際復興開発銀行 IBRD,国際開発協会 IDA,国際金融公社 IFC,多数国間投資保証機関 MIGA,投資紛争解決国際センター ICSIDの 5機関から構成される。IBRDは中所得国と信用力のある低所得国に対し,市場金利で融資を行なう。IDAは低所得国に対し,保健医療,教育,農村開発などの分野で無利子の長期融資,技術支援,政策助言を提供する。IFCは民間投資機関と連携し,途上国における事業への融資や融資保証,および株式による資金調達を行なう。MIGAは途上国における戦争などの非商業的リスクから生じる損失に対する融資保証と保険を外国投資機関に提供する。ICSIDは IBRDから独立して運営される機関で,外国投資機関と投資受け入れ国である途上国との間の投資紛争を仲裁または調停により解決することを任務とする。なお,一般に「世界銀行」という場合,IBRDと IDAの 2機関をさす。 世界銀行は,第2次世界大戦後の新たな国際経済体制の確立を目的として 1944年に開催された連合国通貨金融会議(→ブレトンウッズ協定)において設立され,1946年6月正式に業務を開始した。最初の融資は西ヨーロッパの戦後復興に向けて行なわれた。1950年代半ばからは,発展途上国における道路,水力発電ダム,上下水道設備,港湾,空港などのインフラストラクチャー開発プロジェクトへの投資資金の提供において主要な役割を果たした。1968年から 1981年まで世界銀行総裁を務めた元アメリカ合衆国国防長官のロバート・S.マクナマラの指揮のもと,世界銀行は「持続可能な開発」という概念を創案し,途上国における経済成長と環境保護の両立を試みた。この概念のもう一つの特徴は,富裕国と貧困国の間の所得格差を縮小する手段として,開発支援および外国投資による途上国への資本流入を用いたことである。世界銀行は融資活動を拡大し,多数の研究部門や政策部門を有する強大で権威ある政府間機関へと発展した。 出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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