Elan Vital - Elective

Japanese: エラン・ビタル - えらんびたる
Elan Vital - Elective

... In the 19th century, vitalism was dealt a blow when Wöhler synthesized urea from inorganic substances (1828) and it was discovered that the functions of organisms could be explained physically and chemically without the concept of vitality. However, there were many vitalists, such as C. Bernard, who valued experimentation, who rejected mechanism, Pasteur, who always recognized that living cells had their own functions, and Bergson, who advocated élan vital for evolution. At the end of the 19th century, Driesch, who was conducting experiments on the development of sea urchin eggs, discovered that separated blastomeres developed into complete larvae (1891). Recognizing a life force that could not be explained by mechanism, he named it entelechie and advocated neo-vitalism. ...

From Bergson

…Freedom is therefore the return to this inner duration and the act of the pure ego as its emanations. On the other hand, the material world, which merely repeats the past moment inertia, can be said to be the extreme of relaxation of this duration, while the rest of the universe is the development of a colorful and diverse creative evolution with various degrees of tension, the extreme of which is the élan vital, or even the divine reality as duration intuited by privileged individuals such as geniuses and saints, not ordinary people. And ethical and religious actions are not choices made by the law of reason as Kant puts it, but the orientation of earthly duration and participation in it by the divine élan d'amour that emanates through the actions of such privileged individuals. …

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Elan Vital" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

… 19世紀に入ると,ウェーラーが尿素を無機物から合成し(1828),有機体の働きも生気の概念なしに物理的化学的に説明できることが判明して生気論は打撃を受けた。しかし,実験を重んじたC.ベルナールは機械論を排し,パスツールもつねに生きた細胞に独自の機能を認め,進化についてベルグソンが〈エラン・ビタルélan vital〉を主張するなど,生気論者も少なくなかった。 19世紀末,ウニの卵の発生実験をしていたドリーシュは,分離した割球が完全な幼生に発育することを発見(1891),機械論で説明しえない生命力を認めて〈エンテレヒーEntelechie〉と名付け〈新生気論neo‐vitalism〉を唱えた。…

【ベルグソン】より

…自由とはそれゆえこの内的持続への帰一であり,その発出としての純粋自我の行為である。他方,物質界は一瞬前の過去を惰性的に反復するだけであるから,このような持続の弛緩の極といえ,その他の宇宙の万象は,緊張のもろもろの度合による多彩・多様な創造的進化の展開であり,緊張の極はエラン・ビタルélan vital,さらには一般人ならぬ天才・聖人らの特権的個人によって直観される持続としての神的実在である。そして倫理的・宗教的行為とは,カントのいう理性の律法による選択ではなく,かかる特権的個人の行為を通じて発出する神的エラン・ダムールélan d’amourによる地上的持続の方向づけとそれへの参与にある。…

※「エラン・ビタル」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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