Unicameral system - Ichiinsei (English spelling)

Japanese: 一院制 - いちいんせい(英語表記)unicameral system
Unicameral system - Ichiinsei (English spelling)

A system in which the parliament, the representative body of the people, is composed of only one conference body. A term used in contrast to bicameralism or two-house system. The birthplace of parliamentary politics, the United Kingdom, adopted a bicameral system by dividing the nobility and clergy into the House of Lords and the commoners into the House of Commons, respectively, and most countries in the world have since adopted this bicameral system. Japan's parliament was also composed of the House of Lords and the House of Representatives before World War II, and the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors after the war.

The first modern unicameral system was adopted in England during the Puritan Revolution, where the king was executed and the House of Lords was abolished (1649), resulting in a period of only the House of Commons. Later, immediately after the French Revolution, the French Parliament also adopted a unicameral system (later changing to a bicameral system). At that time, the Senate represented the interests of the privileged classes, so it is believed that its abolition was strongly desired. At the same time, from the standpoint of national sovereignty, the idea that there should be a single parliamentary body representing the people is also considered to have been the theoretical basis for adopting a unicameral system. Most of the socialist countries in Eastern Europe after the Second World War, and the People's Republic of China, among others, have adopted unicameral representative bodies, which can be said to be based on the idea that a unicameral system is acceptable as long as it properly reflects the will of the people. However, in a multi-ethnic federal state such as the Soviet Union, the representative body was composed of two parliamentary bodies representing the national and ethnic parts. Russia has also adopted a bicameral system since the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The advantage of a unicameral system is that legislation and decisions on agenda items can be made quickly and unnecessary delays in agenda items that tend to occur in a bicameral system can be avoided, but on the other hand, there is criticism that a single chamber can lead to a lack of caution when making agenda items. Even in capitalist countries, Finland, Denmark, and other countries have adopted a unicameral system.

[Hiroshi Tanaka]

[Reference] | Bicameral system

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

国民の代表機関である議会が一つの会議体だけで構成されているもの。二院制、両院制に対する語。議会政治の母国イギリスが、貴族・僧侶(そうりょ)身分と庶民部分をそれぞれ上院と下院に分属させ二院制の形態をとったため、その後の世界のほとんどの国々がこの二院制を採用している。日本も第二次世界大戦前には貴族院・衆議院、戦後は衆議院・参議院の二院制によって議会を構成している。

 近代に入って最初に一院制を採用したのはピューリタン革命時代のイギリスで、ここでは国王を処刑し上院を廃止した(1649)ため、一時期下院だけの時代が続いた。その後、フランス革命直後のフランス議会も一院制を採用した(のちに二院制に改められた)。当時の上院は特権階級の利益を代表していたので上院の廃止が強く望まれたものと思われる。それと同時に、国民主権主義の立場から、国民を代表する会議体は単一でなければならないという考えが一院制採用の理論的根拠となったとも考えられる。第二次世界大戦後の東欧社会主義諸国のほとんどが、また中華人民共和国などが現在も一院制の代表機関を採用しているのも、国民の意志が正しく反映されるならば一院制でもよいという考えにたっているものといえよう。もっともソ連のような多民族国家からなる連邦国家においては、その代表機関は国民的部分と民族的部分を代表する二つの会議体から構成されていた。またソ連崩壊後のロシアでも二院制を採用している。

 一院制の長所としては、立法や議事の決定が迅速に運び、二院制の場合に生じがちな無用な議事の遅滞を避けることができるという点があげられるが、その反面、一院だけでは議事の決定の際に慎重さを欠くおそれがあるという批判も聞かれる。資本主義国でも、フィンランド、デンマークなどが一院制を採用している。

[田中 浩]

[参照項目] | 二院制

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