Political change

Japanese: 政治変動 - せいじへんどう(英語表記)political change
Political change

Since politics is a continuous process of human activity, it can be said that it is always in a state of change. Therefore, throughout history, various mechanisms have been created to absorb or institutionalize change. For example, representative democracy, which was established in modern Western Europe, can be seen as a universal institutionalizing principle against change, and the political system there can be said to have a high capacity to absorb change. However, such a system cannot absorb all new changes, and a gap always exists between the system and the change. This gap sometimes leads to the improvement of the system and the revitalization of politics itself, but on the other hand, it can also lead to the complete destruction of the political system. In other words, the ability to absorb change is closely related to the survival capacity and stability of the political system. One of the reasons why political turmoil and violent changes of power occur frequently in many countries in the Third World is the underdevelopment of institutions that can respond to change.

On the other hand, the impact of political change on a political system depends on the speed, scope, and direction of the change. That is, when the scope of change is limited to social and political leadership, policies, and political institutions, and the speed of the change is moderate, the changes can be classified as reforms in the sense that they aim to expand participation in society and the political system. However, moderate changes can also lead to strengthening of the system rather than reform in the opposite direction. When the change extends to values ​​and social structures and is rapid and thorough, the change can be classified as a revolution, and the more thorough the change, the larger the scale of the revolution.

In recent years, there has been great progress in research into political change or development in the Third World, for example, by assessing the value of these political changes and identifying their direction.

[Aoki Kazuyoshi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

政治が人間の営為の連続過程である以上、政治はつねに変動状態にあるといえよう。それゆえに、これまでの歴史のなかで、変動を吸収し、あるいは制度化するための諸々の機構がつくりだされてきた。たとえば、西欧近代において定まった代議制民主主義は変動に対する普遍的制度化原理としてみることができるし、そこでの政治システムは高い変動吸収能力を備えているといえよう。しかしながら、そうしたシステムはすべての、そして新たに生じる変動を吸収しうるはずはなく、制度と変動とのギャップをつねに生み出している。このギャップは、ときとして制度の改善や政治そのものの活性化をもたらすが、逆に政治システムの徹底的破壊にもつながることになる。つまり、変動を吸収する能力はその政治システムの存続能力および安定性に密接な関連を有しているということである。第三世界の多くの国において政治的混乱や暴力的政権交代が多発するのは、一つには変動に対応しうる制度の未発達を理由として指摘することができよう。

 一方、政治変動が政治システムにもたらすインパクトは、変動の速度、範囲、方向のいかんによって異なる。すなわち、変動の範囲が社会的・政治的リーダーシップ、政策、政治制度に限定され、その速度が穏やかな場合、そこでの諸変動は、社会や政治体制における参加の拡大を目ざすという意味で改革として分類できる。ただし、穏健な変動は、逆方向において、改革よりも体制強化につながることもある。また変動が価値や社会構造の範囲にまで及び、急速で徹底したものである場合、そこでの変動は革命として区別でき、変動が徹底的になればなるほど、革命の規模は拡大するといえる。

 近年、これら政治変動に価値評価を与え、変動の方向を見極めることで、たとえば第三世界の政治的変革あるいは政治発展を考えようとする研究が大いに進展してきている。

[青木一能]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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