… In Russia, an old aristocracy (boyarstvo) had existed since the time of Kievan Rus, but from around the 15th and 16th centuries, the dvoryanstvo, a class of small landlords who served the Grand Prince of Moscow, emerged as the pillar of the development of a centralized state. Then, with the reforms of Peter the Great in the 18th century, anyone who held a certain position specified in the official ranks could become a dvoryanin, and the boyarstvo were absorbed into the dvoryanstvo. Peter also created the new titles of count (graf) and baron (baron) in addition to the existing title of duke (knyaz'). … *Some of the terminology used in reference to the "Table of Official Ranks" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
… ロシアではキエフ・ロシアの時代以来,古い貴族層(ボヤールストボboyarstvo)が存在していたが,15~16世紀ごろから,モスクワ大公に奉仕する小領主層であるドボリャンストボが,中央集権国家発展の支柱としてあらわれてきた。そして18世紀のピョートル1世の改革によって,官等表で規定された一定の職につけば,だれでもドボリャニーンになれることになり,ボヤールストボはドボリャンストボに吸収されていった。ピョートルはまた,従来からの公爵knyaz’のほかに伯爵graf,男爵baronの爵位を新設した。… ※「官等表」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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