The long vertical part of an animal's chest and abdomen at the rear, commonly called the back. Since the spinal column is included in the anatomical part of the back, some say that the posterior neck, which contains the cervical vertebrae, also belongs to the back, but the posterior neck is generally called the nape. In humans, when one looks at the surface of the back, there is a vertical groove (the posterior median groove) running down the center. The posterior median groove runs in line with the arrangement of the spinous processes of the vertebrae, and its depth varies greatly from person to person. Below the neck, a protruding part can be seen along the position of this groove. This is the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra, and since it can be easily felt subcutaneously, it is useful for identifying the order of the other vertebrae. The line connecting this protruding part and the protuberances at both ends of the shoulders (the tips of the acromions of the scapula) can be considered to be the upper border of the back. The smooth edge from the shoulders to the nape of the neck is formed by the upper edge of the trapezius muscle. The lower border of the back can be considered to be the line connecting the outer edge of the sacrum and the upper edge of the posterior wall of the pelvis (the iliac crests of the left and right ilium). The entire back can be divided anatomically into the scapular region, (left and right) upper scapular region, interscapular region, (left and right) lower scapular region, spinal region, and lumbar region. The skin on the back is particularly thick compared to the skin on the entire body, and has many sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles. In addition, the muscles on the back are large, making them easy to identify from the outside. The bulges on both sides of the posterior median sulcus are caused by the erector spinae muscles, which play an important role in maintaining body posture and movement. An abnormal curvature of the posterior median sulcus is important from a diagnostic point of view, as it indicates an abnormal curvature of the spine. In vertebrates, there is a close relationship between the development of the back and the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). In the very early stages of fetal development, tissue called the ectoderm forms the neural tube that is the basis for the formation of the central nervous system, and at the same time, the outer skin of the back is formed from this ectoderm. In an experiment using animal embryos, when tissue that will develop into the spinal cord is transplanted into the area that will eventually become the abdomen, the transplanted area changes into the back. [Kazuyo Shimai] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
動物の胸部と腹部の後面にあたる縦に長い部分で、俗に背中(せなか)、背部(はいぶ)ともよぶ。解剖学上でいう背の部分には脊柱(せきちゅう)が含まれるため、頸椎(けいつい)のある後頸部も背の部分に属するという説もあるが、一般には後頸部は別に項(こう)部(うなじ)とよんでいる。 ヒトの場合、背の表面をみると、中央に縦に走る溝(みぞ)(後正中溝(こう))がある。後正中溝は、脊椎骨の棘(きょく)突起の配列に一致して走る溝で、その深さは個人差に富む。項部の下方では、この溝の位置に沿って突出した部分が認められる。これは第7頸椎の棘突起であるが、容易に皮下に触れることができるため、他の椎骨の順位の同定に役だっている。この突出部と肩の両端の隆起部(肩甲骨の肩峰の先端部)を結ぶ線を、背の上方の境と考えればよい。肩から首すじにかけてのなだらかな縁(へり)は僧帽筋の上縁によるものである。また、背の下方の境は、仙骨の外側縁と骨盤の後壁上縁(左右腸骨の腸骨稜(りょう))を結ぶ線と考えればよい。 背の全面を解剖学的に区分すると、肩甲部、(左・右)肩甲上部、肩甲間部、(左・右)肩甲下部、脊柱部および腰部に区分される。背の皮膚は、全身の皮膚のなかではとくに厚く、汗腺(かんせん)、皮脂腺、毛包も多い。また、背の筋肉は大きいため、外表からも同定するのが容易である。後正中溝の両側の盛り上がりは脊柱起立筋群によるもので、これらの筋群は体の姿勢保持や運動に重要な働きをしている。なお、後正中溝の異常な彎曲(わんきょく)は、脊柱の異常彎曲を示すものとして、診断上たいせつなものである。 脊椎動物の場合、背と中枢神経系(脳脊髄)の発生とは密接な関係にある。胎児(仔(し))の発生のきわめて初期には、外胚葉(がいはいよう)という組織が中枢神経系形成の基になる神経管を形成するが、この際、同時にこの外胚葉から背部の外皮が形成される。動物胚を用いて、実験的に、将来は腹部となるべき部位に、脊髄が発生するはずの組織を移植すると、その移植部分は背へと変化する。 [嶋井和世] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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