Parthenon - Parutenon (English spelling) Parthenon

Japanese: パルテノン - ぱるてのん(英語表記)Parthenon
Parthenon - Parutenon (English spelling) Parthenon

Ancient Greek architecture. The most outstanding piece of architecture from the early classical period, built on the Acropolis in Athens (ancient name Athens). The temple was dedicated to Athena, the patron goddess of the city, in gratitude for the victory in the war against the Persians. Designed by Iktinos and constructed by Kallikrates under the general supervision of the sculptor Phidias, construction began in 447 BC and was completed around 438 BC. The plan is a Doric-style peripterous temple with eight columns from east to west and 17 columns from north to south, a floor space of 30.8 meters by 69.5 meters, and four rooms inside: a pronaos (front room) and a naos (inner sanctuary) where the principal image is enshrined on the east side, and an opisthodomos (rear room) and a parthenon (palace of the virgins) on the west side. The columns and beams inside are in the elegant Ionic style, in contrast to the solemn Doric style of the exterior.

The sculptures decorating the temple include a colossal gold and ivory statue of Athena Parthenos (the Virgin Athena) made by Phidias and placed in the sanctuary as the principal image, as well as large group sculptures of "The Birth of the Goddess Athena" on the east side of the east and west pedestals, and "The Struggle Between Athena and Poseidon for Control of Attica" on the west side. The 92 metopes decorating the four sides under the roof tell four mythological stories, and the frieze above the sanctuary features a great procession from the Pan-Athenaean festival in relief, spanning a total length of about 160 meters. All of these are masterpieces from the early classical period.

During the Byzantine era, the interior of this building was renovated as the Hagia Sophia in 426, and it is said that the principal image was transported to Constantinople at that time. During the Turkish occupation (1458-1833), it was converted into a mosque, and in September 1687, during a Venetian bombardment, gunpowder stored here by the Turkish army exploded, destroying three-quarters of the frieze and 28 columns. Today, most of the group sculptures, metopes, and frieze reliefs are in the British Museum in London as the so-called "Elgin Marbles," and some are in the Acropolis Museum and the Louvre in Paris.

[Masaaki Maeda]

[References] | Acropolis | Greek Art
Parthenon
A temple built in the center of the Athenian Acropolis. Designed by the ancient Greek architect Ictinos, it was completed around 438 BC. It is about 30m wide and 70m deep, and has 46 Doric marble columns. Part of the World Heritage Site "Acropolis of Athens" (Greece, registered in 1987) Greece Athens ©Shogakukan ">

Parthenon


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

古代ギリシアの建築。アテネ(古代名アテナイ)のアクロポリスに建つ古典初期のもっとも優れた建築。対ペルシア戦争の勝利を感謝してアテネ市の守護女神アテネに捧(ささ)げた神殿。彫刻家フェイディアスの総監督のもとに設計はイクティノス、施工はカリクラテスが担当、紀元前447年に起工し、前438年ころ完成した。そのプランは、東西八柱、南北17柱、床面30.8メートル×69.5メートル、ドーリス式の周柱堂で、内部は東側にプロナオス(前室)と本尊を安置するナオス(内陣)、西側にオピストドモス(後室)とパルテノン(処女宮)の四室からなる。これらの内部の柱や梁(はり)は、外周の荘重なドーリス様式とは対照的に優美なイオニア様式を採用している。

 神殿を飾る彫刻では、フェイディアス作の黄金と象牙(ぞうげ)の巨像アテナ・パルテノス(処女のアテネ)像が本尊として内陣に安置されていたほか、東西両破風(はふ)の東側に「女神アテネの誕生」、西側に「アテネとポセイドンのアッティカの支配権争い」の大群像彫刻を配し、屋根の下の四方を飾る92面のメトープには神話上の四つの物語、さらに内陣上部のフリーズには汎(はん)アテナイア祭の大行列が全長約160メートルにわたって浮彫りにされている。これらはいずれも古典初期の傑作である。

 この建物はビザンティン時代の426年にハギア・ソフィア聖堂として内部が改修され、このとき本尊がコンスタンティノポリスに運ばれたとされる。トルコ占領時代(1458~1833)にはモスクに変えられ、1687年9月のベネチア軍の砲撃で、トルコ軍がここに収蔵していた火薬が爆発、フリーズの4分の3、28基の円柱などが崩壊した。今日、群像彫刻やメトープ、フリーズの浮彫りの大部分は、いわゆる「エルギン・マーブルズ」としてロンドンの大英博物館に、一部がアクロポリス美術館とパリのルーブル美術館にある。

[前田正明]

[参照項目] | アクロポリス | ギリシア美術
パルテノン神殿
アテネのアクロポリスの中心部に建つ神殿。古代ギリシアの建築家イクティノスの設計で、紀元前438年ごろに完成した。幅約30m、奥行き約70mで、ドーリス式の大理石列柱は46本を数える。世界文化遺産「アテネのアクロポリス」の一部(ギリシア・1987年登録) ギリシア アテネ©Shogakukan">

パルテノン神殿


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