In general, it is a general term for motor pathways other than the pyramidal system. The pyramidal tract is a motor system that voluntarily performs precise movements of skeletal muscles, and the extrapyramidal system reflexively and unconsciously regulates muscle tension and relaxation that accompany pyramidal tract movements. Therefore, in vertebrates other than mammals, where the pyramidal system is well developed, the extrapyramidal system is an important motor pathway. However, it is difficult to give a clear definition of the extrapyramidal system, even considering its structure and function. The name extrapyramidal system is derived from the term "extrapyramidal disease." British neurologist AK Wilson (1878-1936) was the first to use the term "extrapyramidal disease" to describe patients with movement disorders with degeneration of the liver and lenticular nucleus (a mass of gray matter deep in the cerebral hemispheres). The parts of the central nervous system that are considered to belong to the extrapyramidal system are widespread, including the cerebral cortex, diencephalon-thalamus, basal ganglia, subthalamic nucleus, cerebellum, red nucleus and substantia nigra of the midbrain, brainstem reticular formation, midbrain tegmentum, olivary nucleus, and vestibular nucleus. Anatomically, the basal ganglia refers to the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and amygdala, but the striatum and globus pallidus, which are made up of the caudate nucleus and putamen, play a particularly central role. According to anatomist Oki Hirasawa, the extrapyramidal system is divided into five systems: (1) cortical extrapyramidal system, (2) striatal-pallidal extrapyramidal system, (3) cerebellar extrapyramidal system, (4) midbrain-spinal extrapyramidal system, and (5) peripheral extrapyramidal system (1935). Although the connections between these systems are extremely complex, almost all of the cerebral cortex is involved, and there are direct and indirect fiber connections with the striatum, globus pallidus, diencephalon-thalamus, midbrain tegmentum, pons, brainstem reticular formation, and cerebellum. Since the symptoms of diseases of the extrapyramidal system are aggravated by mental excitement, the involvement of the cerebral cortex is also considered. The striatum-pallidum part was the first part that Wilson considered important as the central part of the extrapyramidal system, but later the striatum, globus pallidus, red nucleus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus were considered to play a central role in the extrapyramidal system, and the function of the extrapyramidal system can also be said to be the function of the striatal system. In addition, the cerebellum is a motor center that autonomously regulates the muscle tone and motor reflexes of skeletal muscles throughout the body, and is also an important part of the extrapyramidal system. Under healthy conditions, the movement of the extrapyramidal system does not appear on the surface because it works in coordination with the movement of the pyramidal system, but abnormal movement appears due to disorders of the extrapyramidal system. For example, damage to the striatum can result in slow, twisting, involuntary abnormal movements such as chorea or athetosis, while damage to the globus pallidus or substantia nigra can produce symptoms of Parkinson's disease. [Kazuyo Shimai] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般には錐体路系以外の運動性伝導路の総称である。錐体路は骨格筋の精緻(せいち)な運動を随意的に行う運動系であるが、その錐体路系の運動に伴う筋の緊張、弛緩(しかん)などの運動を反射的に、また無意識的に調節しているのが錐体外路系である。したがって、錐体路系が発達している哺乳(ほにゅう)動物以外の脊椎(せきつい)動物では、この錐体外路系が重要な運動性伝導路となっている。しかし、錐体外路系はその構成、機能から考えても明確な定義を下すことは困難である。この錐体外路系の名称は「錐体外路系疾患」ということばから生まれたものである。イギリスの神経科医ウィルソンA. K. Wilson(1878―1936)は肝臓とレンズ核(大脳半球の深部にある灰白質の塊)に変性のある運動障害患者に対して初めて「錐体外路系疾患」の語を用いた。 錐体外路系に属すると考えられる中枢神経系の部分は広範にわたっており、大脳皮質、間脳視床、大脳基底核、視床下核、小脳、中脳の赤核と黒質、脳幹網様体、中脳被蓋(ひがい)、オリーブ核、前庭神経核などが含まれる。大脳基底核とは解剖学的には尾状核、被殻、淡蒼(たんそう)球、扁桃(へんとう)体(扁桃核)をいうが、尾状核と被殻とをまとめた線条体と淡蒼球とがとくに中枢的役割を占めている。解剖学者平沢興(こう)によれば、錐体外路系は(1)皮質錐体外路系、(2)線条体淡蒼球錐体外路系、(3)小脳錐体外路系、(4)中脳脊髄錐体外路系、(5)末梢(まっしょう)錐体外路系の五系統に整理されている(1935)。これらの系統の連絡はきわめて複雑であるが、大脳皮質はほとんどその全葉が関与し、線条体、淡蒼球、間脳視床、中脳被蓋、橋(きょう)、脳幹網様体あるいは小脳などと直接・間接に線維連絡がある。錐体外路系の疾患の症状は精神的興奮によって高まることから、これらに大脳皮質の関与も考えられるわけである。線条体淡蒼球部分は錐体外路系の中枢部分としてウィルソンが最初に重要視した部分であるが、その後線条体、淡蒼球、赤核、黒質、視床下核などが錐体外路系の中枢的役割を果たすとされ、錐体外路系の機能は線条体系の機能ともいえる。また、小脳は全身の骨格筋の筋緊張や運動反射を自律的に調節している運動中枢であるが、これも錐体外路系の重要な部分となっている。錐体外路系の運動は健常な状態では錐体路系の運動と協調的に働くので表面上は現れないが、錐体外路系の障害によって異常運動が発現する。たとえば、線条体部分が冒されると舞踏病やアテトーシスという緩慢でねじれるような不随意の異常運動がおこるし、淡蒼球や黒質の病変ではパーキンソン病の症状が現れる。 [嶋井和世] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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