Leopold von Ranke

Japanese: ランケ - らんけ(英語表記)Leopold von Ranke
Leopold von Ranke

German historian. Born in the Thuringian provincial town of Wiehe to a prominent family of Protestant pastors and lawyers. He studied theology and linguistics at the Pforta College, then at the University of Leipzig and the University of Halle (1814-18), and upon graduation became an instructor at the gymnasium in Frankfurt (on the Oder River). His debut work, The Romantic History of the Germanic Peoples (1824), was recognized and he became an associate professor at the University of Berlin (1825). After traveling to Italy to study historical materials, he became the chief editor of the Historisches Historische Politische Zeitung (1832-36), where he preached historical conservatism and opposed the July Revolution. In 1834 he became a full professor at the University of Berlin (until 1871). Thereafter, he served as Prussian historian and chairman of the historical committee of the Bavarian Academy. He was active in research and teaching, writing groundbreaking masterpieces such as "History of the Popes" (1834-39) and, in his later years, "World History" (1880-88, unfinished), including the history of the Protestant Reformation and the national histories of France, England, Prussia, and Germany.

Based on Protestant and Romantic thought, he stated that "every age is directly connected to God" and, in opposition to the Catholic, Enlightenment and Hegelian views of history, stressed the importance of the individual characteristics of each age and each nation and their qualitative development (historicism). He also stated that the task of history is "to show how it really was," and rejected pragmatic historical narrative in favor of objective historical narrative, establishing a method of historical criticism to rigorously determine objective historical facts as the basis for this. His theory has problems, such as being limited in scope to the political development of Western Europe and lacking in social structure analysis, and positioning Asia as a prehistory or stagnant society, but he established the scientific method and a broad, artistic historical narrative based on historicism, making him the founder of modern historical science. His style was inherited by such people as Weiz, Giesebrecht and Siebel, and became a major trend in historical science (the Ranke school).

[Katsuyo Okazaki]

"World History Overview" by Ranke, translated by Suzuki Shigetaka and Aihara Shinsaku (Iwanami Bunko)""Ranke" by Muraoka Akira (1959, Yuhikaku)"World Masterpieces, Part 11, Ranke" edited by Hayashi Kentaro (1974, Chuokoron-Shinsha)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツの歴史家。チューリンゲンの地方都市ウィーエで、プロテスタント牧師の家系で弁護士だった名望家の子として生まれる。プフォルタ学院、ついでライプツィヒ、ハレ大学で神学、言語学を学び(1814~18)、卒業と同時にフランクフルト(オーデル河畔)のギムナジウム教官となった。処女作『ロマン的・ゲルマン的諸民族の歴史』(1824)が認められてベルリン大学員外教授となり(1825)、イタリアへの史料研究旅行後、『歴史・政治雑誌』(1832~36)の主筆となって歴史的保守主義を説き、七月革命に反対した。1834年ベルリン大学正教授となり(~1871)、以後プロイセン修史官、バイエルン学士院史学委員会長を兼任するかたわら、『ローマ教皇史』(1834~39)をはじめ晩年の『世界史』(1880~88、未完)に至るまで、宗教改革史やフランス、イギリス、プロイセン、ドイツの各国史その他の画期的大作を著し、旺盛(おうせい)な研究、教育活動を行った。

 彼は、プロテスタント思想、ロマン主義思想を基礎に「あらゆる時代は直接神につながる」と述べ、カトリック的および啓蒙(けいもう)主義的、ヘーゲル的歴史観に反対して、各時代、各民族の個性的特質とその質的発展重視を主張した(歴史主義)。また、歴史学の任務は「それが実際いかにあったかを示す」ことだと述べ、実用主義的歴史叙述を排して客観的歴史叙述を主張し、その基礎となる厳正な客観的歴史事実確定のための史料批判の方法を確立した。その理論は、西欧の政治的発展のみに視野が限定されて、社会的構造分析に欠け、またアジアがその前史または停滞社会と位置づけられているなどの問題点はあるが、科学的方法の確立と歴史主義に基づく広範な芸術的歴史叙述によって、彼は近代歴史学の確立者となった。その学風は、ワイツ、ギーゼブレヒト、ジーベルなどによって継承され、歴史学の一大潮流(ランケ学派)となった。

[岡崎勝世]

『ランケ著、鈴木成高・相原信作訳『世界史概観』(岩波文庫)』『村岡晢著『ランケ』(1959・有斐閣)』『林健太郎編『世界の名著 続11 ランケ』(1974・中央公論社)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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