Literally, it means music played by wind instruments, but percussion and some string instruments may also be added. It is thought to be a translation of the German word Blasmusik. However, in Japan, a group that plays wind instruments is generally called a brass band, but this is clearly the English word brass band written in katakana, and there is a mistranslation and confusion here. There is no word in English that corresponds to wind instruments, so military band (music) is used as a general term for wind instruments, and today, they are distinguished by the instrument lineup and called wind ensemble, brass ensemble, wind orchestra, or concert band (all of which are wind instruments). [Shigeo Osaki] historyWind bands are a form of performance found all over the world, and can be traced back to ancient times. However, wind instruments, especially string instruments, were often used in conjunction with the military. Wind bands were introduced to Europe in the Middle Ages during the Crusades in the 11th to 13th centuries, and eventually, royalty, nobility, and city-states began to use wind bands outdoors as music for ceremonies and signals. There were also ensembles for indoor enjoyment of some instruments, such as recorder ensembles. From the late 18th century to the 19th century, key devices that allowed more reliable pitches to be obtained were introduced or increased in both woodwind and brass instruments, creating more possibilities for wind bands. Thus, wind-based music developed as chamber music in the royal courts, especially in southern Germany and Austria, under the name of Harmoniemusik. However, with the gradual collapse of the feudal system, such venues gradually decreased. Instead, military bands became an important venue for the development of wind bands, which became more important with the expansion of military power in European countries in the second half of the 18th century. As a result, wind bands were inevitably required to raise morale, be united, and be heroic, and their style became sharply different from other music of the time. Moreover, this was in line with the gorgeous sound of wind bands, which mainly consisted of many brass instruments. Thus, in Europe, the development of wind band music, especially after the 19th century, was centered on military bands, but in America, where military bands' performance activities were quite restricted, school and private wind bands attracted people's interest, and wind band music flourished in the 20th century. This led to the emergence of many composers who specialized in wind bands, such as Sousa. As American influence spread around the world, and the mission of military bands declined relatively after World War II, it can be said that wind band music once again lost its military character. [Shigeo Osaki] JapanJapan also introduced wind band music as military music at the beginning of the Meiji era, but wind bands were born one after another at schools and workplaces with the purpose of enjoying it as a hobby with colleagues, and in 1939 (Showa 14) the Greater Japan Wind Band Association was formed. After World War II, especially with guidance from the United States, wind band activities were reconsidered from the perspective of school education and lifelong learning, and vigorous activities have been carried out nationwide. As of 2001 (Heisei 13), there are 13,516 groups affiliated with the All Japan Wind Band Association. [Shigeo Osaki] "New edition of the Wind Band Lectures, 8 volumes (1983-84), edited and published by Ongaku No Tomosha" ▽ "200 CDs Wind Band Masterpieces and Performances -- Fascinating Wind Bands," edited by Isoda Kenichiro (1999, Rippushobo)" ▽ "A Clear Music Dictionary for Orchestras and Wind Bands," edited by Saito Yoshiji (2000, Doremi Music Publishing)" [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
字義どおりにいえば管楽器による音楽のことであるが、打楽器や一部の弦楽器が加わることもある。ドイツ語のブラスムジークBlasmusikからの訳語と思われる。ただし、吹奏楽を演奏する団体を日本ではブラスバンドというのが一般化しているが、これは明らかに英語のbrass band(金管楽器楽団)の片仮名書きであって、ここには誤訳と概念の混同がみられる。英語には吹奏楽にあたる語がなく、military band(music)が吹奏楽の総称として用いられ、今日では楽器編成によって区別してウインド・アンサンブルwind ensemble(管楽アンサンブル)、ブラス・アンサンブルbrass ensemble(金管アンサンブル)、ウインド・オーケストラwind orchestraまたはコンサート・バンドconcert band(いずれも吹奏楽)などとよんでいる。 [大崎滋生] 歴史吹奏楽という演奏形態は、地域的には広く各地にみられ、また歴史的にも古代にまでさかのぼりうるが、しかしことさら弦楽器を排して管楽器を中心とした編成というのは、軍隊と結び付いて発展することが多かった。ヨーロッパ中世に吹奏楽が導入されたのは11~13世紀の十字軍の遠征によるといわれており、やがて王侯貴族や都市国家が、吹奏楽を式典や合図の音楽として野外で利用するようになる。またリコーダーの合奏など、楽器によっては室内で楽しまれる編成も存在した。18世紀後半から19世紀にかけて、木管楽器にも金管楽器にも、より多くの確実な音高を得られる鍵(けん)装置が導入ないし増加され、より多くの可能性が吹奏楽に生まれた。こうして宮廷における室内音楽としても、とりわけ南ドイツやオーストリアで、ハルモニームジークHarmoniemusikという名で管楽器中心の音楽が発展した。 しかし封建体制の漸次的な崩壊とともに、そのような場はしだいに減っていった。それにとってかわるように吹奏楽の重要な発展の場となるのは、18世紀後半に際だってくるヨーロッパ各国の軍事力拡張に伴って存在の意味を増した軍楽隊である。その結果、吹奏楽には士気の高揚とか団結、勇壮などといったことが必然的に求められて、同時代の他の音楽と様式を鋭く異にしていった。しかもそれは、多人数の金管楽器を中心とする吹奏楽の華やかな音響とも、よく一致していた。 このようにヨーロッパでは、とくに19世紀以後の吹奏楽の発展は軍楽隊を中心としたが、それに対して軍楽隊の演奏活動がかなり制限されたアメリカにおいては、学校や私設の吹奏楽団が人々の関心を集め、20世紀にかけて吹奏楽は隆盛を極めた。そうしてスーザら吹奏楽専門の作曲家が多数輩出した。こうしたアメリカの影響が世界に広がったこともあり、また軍楽隊の使命が第二次世界大戦後相対的に低下したこともあって、吹奏楽はふたたび軍楽色を失っていったといえよう。 [大崎滋生] 日本明治時代の初めに軍楽としての吹奏楽を取り入れた日本でも、学校や職場で仲間たちといっしょに趣味として楽しむといった目的をもつ吹奏楽団が相次いで誕生し、1939年(昭和14)には大日本吹奏楽連盟が結成されるに至った。第二次世界大戦後はとりわけアメリカからの指導もあって、吹奏楽活動が学校教育や生涯教育の視点から見直され、全国的に活発な活動が繰り広げられている。2001年(平成13)現在、社団法人全日本吹奏楽連盟に加入している団体は1万3516団体にのぼっている。 [大崎滋生] 『音楽之友社編・刊『吹奏楽講座』新版全8巻(1983~84)』▽『磯田健一郎編『200CD 吹奏楽名曲・名演――魅惑のブラバン』(1999・立風書房)』▽『斎藤好司編著『オーケストラ・吹奏楽のための明解音楽小辞典』(2000・ドレミ楽譜出版社)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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