This is an academic field that seeks to elucidate the psychological aspects behind human behavior from an anthropological perspective, that is, through field surveys, comparative methods, and a holistic view of culture. Anthropologists in the 19th century were already interested in psychological aspects, and there was interaction between psychologists and anthropologists, especially in Germany, but it was only after the "Culture and Personality" school, which arose in the United States under the influence of Freud, in the late 1920s that it was established as a research field in cultural anthropology. This research, centered around R. Benedict and M. Mead, studies what psychological characteristics people acquire by being born and raised in a certain culture, and became popular in the 1940s, in conjunction with social and political conditions. However, the methodological weaknesses of scientifically demonstrating the relationship between observable human experiences and unobservable internal psychological processes left many problems, even with the development and use of psychological tests, and it went on a downward trend from the 1950s after World War II. However, research on psychological aspects showed new developments, and in line with this situation, the name "psychological anthropology" came to be used. First, in relation to "cultural change," which is unavoidable in today's anthropology, there has been development in research into psychological factors that promote cultural innovation, problems surrounding adaptation to cultural change, and the millennial movement and the "altered states of consciousness" that often accompanies it. Research into perception and cognition has also become popular, and ethnoscience has emerged as a new field amid the rise of symbolism research. On the other hand, research into "socialization" or "enculturation," which continues the trend of "culture and personality," has shifted its focus from the traditional personality level to the behavioral level, and there have been developments in methodology, such as precise observational record methods and cross-cultural comparative research. [Hiroko Yokoyama] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
人間行動の背景となる心理的側面を人類学的に、すなわち現地調査法と比較法、さらには文化に対する全体的視野により解明しようとする学問分野。すでに19世紀の人類学者も心理的側面に関心を寄せており、とくにドイツなどで心理学者と人類学者の交流がみられたが、文化人類学における一つの研究領域として確立したのは、1920年代後半からフロイトの影響を受けてアメリカにおこった「文化とパーソナリティー」学派以降である。R・ベネディクトやM・ミードを中心とするこの研究は、ある文化に生まれ育つことによりいかなる心理的特性を得るかを研究するもので、世相や政情とも絡んで40年代に盛んになる。しかし観察可能な人間の経験と、観察不能な内面の心理的過程との間を科学的に論証する方法論上の弱点は、心理テストなどの開発利用によっても多くの問題を残し、第二次世界大戦後の50年代からは下降線をたどる。しかしながら心理的側面の研究は新たな展開をみせ、その状況に即して名称も「心理人類学」と称されるようになる。まず、今日の人類学にとって避けて通ることのできない「文化変化」との関連において、文化の革新を促進する心理的要因の研究、文化変化に対する適応をめぐる問題、さらに千年王国運動とそれにしばしば伴われる「意識の変化態」altered states of consciousnessの研究へと発展がみられた。また知覚と認知の研究が盛んになり、シンボリズム研究隆盛のなかでエスノサイエンスが新たな分野として台頭した。一方、「文化とパーソナリティー」の流れを継承するものとしては「社会化」socializationあるいは「文化化」enculturationの研究があるが、従来のパーソナリティーから行動面レベルへと研究の重点が移っており、精緻(せいち)な観察記録法や通文化的比較研究など方法論における進展がみられる。 [横山廣子] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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