Jori system

Japanese: 条里制 - じょうりせい

A land division system under the Ritsuryo system in ancient Japan. It played a role in national control and management of cultivated land by combining the Jori Chiwari system, which was a system of dividing cultivated land into square grids, and the Jori Chibanho system, which was a system of displaying land by Jyo, Ri, and Tsubo, and complemented the Land Allotment System. According to the Nihon Shoki, Shugaisho, and other historical documents, the Jori Chiwari system was called Senpaku from ancient times to the Middle Ages.

[Masayuki Hattori]

Farmland Plot

The land parcels are basically tsubo parcels of 1 cho square (each side is 60 bu, about 109 meters), and the division of land within a tsubo (1 cho = 10 tan) is divided into a half-fold type with a width of 12 bu and a length of 30 bu, and a long type with a width of 6 bu and a length of 60 bu. Both types have one tan. The higher-level unit of tsubo is the sato parcel of 6 cho square, which is numbered consecutively from 1 tsubo to 36 tsubo, and the arrangement (called tsubo-nami) can be a continuous (staggered) arrangement where the numbers in each row are folded back, or a parallel arrangement where the numbers are in the same direction. The location of sato is indicated by combining numbered jo and ri on the vertical and horizontal coordinate axes, with the county as the unit, for example, gojo-rokuri-kutsubo. However, instead of jo and ri, zu-ri or jo-bo are used, or the name of the place may be used, such as manojo-nananari-ai-ri.

[Masayuki Hattori]

Formation process

The process by which the jori system was established is not entirely clear. However, it is highly likely that jori-type land divisions first appeared in localized areas between the end of the 6th century and the beginning of the 7th century, and that they were implemented from the latter half of the 7th century to the mid-8th century, when existing cultivated land was reorganized in the plains across the country and new land development was promoted. The standardization of cultivated land through jori land division for the purpose of land distribution was a large-scale civil engineering project that also involved the construction of irrigation facilities and farm roads, and it contributed greatly to the development and stability of agricultural production, marking a turning point in the history of agriculture. The location of cultivated land was indicated by the koaza (small village) place name and shiishi (four-district number), but around 717 (Yoro 1), it was indicated by the place name ri and tsubo (small square number) such as 17 tsubo (small square number) in Kuze County, Yamashiro Province, and furthermore, in the mid-8th century, a numerical system of jo and ri (small square number) was introduced for each county, such as 20 jo, 5 ri, 6 bō (small square number) in Hirose County, Owa Province. This new jo-ri and ri-no-ban system was a unified measure to strictly grasp the location, area, and scope of cultivated land in accordance with the land policy called the Konden Einen Shizaiho (Law on Perpetual Private Property for Reclaimed Land), and the registration format of various land-related records that were the foundation of the Ritsuryo state, such as the land distribution map, the school land map, the rice register, and the green seedling register, was further improved. Therefore, the mid-8th century was the period when the jori system as a land system was completed. The existing maps of land allocation, reclamation and reclamation of rice fields are drawn according to the jori system, and many historical documents related to manors that record the jori and tsubo-tsuke system have been handed down. It is noteworthy that the jori land division, jori land number system and jori system were planned and implemented while maintaining a close relationship with cities such as capitals and provincial capitals, main transportation routes such as post roads, and the territories and boundaries of the kokugun system as a local administrative organization.

[Masayuki Hattori]

Transformation and Collapse

However, from the 10th century to the beginning of the 11th century, the jori land numbers were expanded and revised by kokushi and kokuga (provincial government offices) to widely include land other than the jori land divisions, and then from the late 11th century to the early 12th century, the jori land numbers were arbitrarily changed by kokuga (provincial government offices), manor lords, and local lords, and there was a growing tendency for jori land numbers to be omitted from newly developed or abandoned farmland. Furthermore, from the late 12th century to the early 14th century, the system was reorganized by manor or territory unit, becoming a mere formality and separated from the jori land divisions, and thereafter disappeared in most regions. This was a period of transformation and collapse of the jori system.

[Masayuki Hattori]

Jori ruins

The remains of the jori land division have been passed down to the present day, and are widely distributed, mainly in the Nara Basin, Kyoto Basin, and Osaka Plain, from the Seto Inland Sea coast to Kitakyushu, as well as in the Omi Basin, Ise Plain, Nobi Plain, and Fukui Plain, where many jori place names such as sanjo, shichiri, and gotsubo remain. Remains have also been confirmed in the Akita Plain and Yokote Basin in the Tohoku region, the Kokubu Plain and the lower Kawauchi River Plain in southern Kyushu, as well as on remote islands such as Sado, Oki, and Shodoshima, and in mountain basins such as the Takayama Basin and the Aso Crater Plain. This shows that most of the ancient farmland divisions have been maintained to the present day despite repeated changes through degradation and redevelopment, but the remains are rapidly disappearing due to recent urbanization and field development. On the other hand, as excavation surveys have progressed, many buried underground rice paddy sites based on grid patterns have been uncovered, some of which are attracting attention.

[Masayuki Hattori]

"The Jori System" by Shigenobu Ochiai (1967, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)

Jori land division and land numbering system
©Shogakukan ">

Jori land division and land numbering system

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

古代日本の律令(りつりょう)体制下における土地区画制度。方格の耕地区画としての条里地割と、条・里・坪(つぼ)による土地の表示方式としての条里地番法を組み合わせて耕地を国家的に支配・管理し、班田制度を補完する役割を果たした。条里地割は、『日本書紀』『拾芥抄(しゅうがいしょう)』やその他の文献史料によると、古代から中世にかけて阡陌(せんぱく)とよばれている。

［服部昌之］

耕地区画

その耕地区画は、方1町（1辺が60歩(ぶ)、約109メートル）の坪区画が基本で、坪（田積1町＝10段）内部の地割は幅12歩・長さ30歩の半折(はおり)型と、幅6歩・長さ60歩の長地(ながじ)型に分けられる。いずれも田積は1段である。坪の上位の単位は方6町の里区画で、1坪から36坪の通し番号をつけるが、その配列（坪並(つぼなみ)という）には各行の数字順を折り返して続ける連続（千鳥）式と、それが同一方向となる平（並）行式とがある。また里の位置は、郡を単位として数字番号をつけた条と里を縦横の座標軸として組み合わせて五条六里九坪のように示すが、条と里のかわりに図・里や条・坊を用いたり、真野条七成相里のごとく地名による場合もある。

［服部昌之］

成立過程

条里制の成立過程はかならずしも明確ではない。しかし6世紀末から7世紀初頭に条里型地割が局地的に出現した可能性が高く、さらに7世紀後半から8世紀中期にかけて、全国の平野において既成の耕地を再編し、新たな土地開発を進めて施行されたものと推定される。班田収授のための条里地割による耕地の規格化は、水利施設や農道の整備を伴う大規模な土木事業であり、農業生産の発展と安定に大きく寄与して農業史の画期となった。耕地の所在は小字(こあざ)地名と四至(しいし)で表示されていたが、717年（養老1）ころには山背国(やましろのくに)久世(くぜ)郡路里一七坪のように地名による里と坪地番で示され、さらに8世紀中期には大倭国(やまとのくに)広湍(ひろせ)郡二〇条五里六坊（坪）のごとく、郡ごとに数字による条と里の地番法が導入される。この新たな条里地番法は、墾田永年私財法(こんでんえいねんしざいほう)という土地政策に応じて耕地の位置と面積・範囲を厳密に掌握するための統一的な措置であり、班田図・校田図・田籍・青苗簿(せいびょうぼ)など律令国家の基礎となる土地関係諸記録における登録様式は、よりいっそう整備されることとなる。したがって8世紀中期は土地制度としての条里制の完成期であった。現存する班田図や開田図、墾田図は条里に従って図示されており、また条里坪付(つぼつけ)を記した荘園(しょうえん)関係の史料も数多く伝来している。条里地割、条里地番法および条里制は、都京・国府などの都市、駅路を主とする幹線交通路、地方行政組織としての国郡制の領域と境界などと緊密な関連性を保ちながら計画され、施行されたことが注目されている。

［服部昌之］

変容と崩壊

しかし10世紀から11世紀初頭になると、国司や国衙(こくが)によって条里地番が拡張・修正されて条里地割以外の土地をも広く包括することとなり、ついで11世紀後半から12世紀前半では、条里地番は国衙、荘園領主、在地領主などによって恣意(しい)的に変更されるとともに、新しく開発された耕地や荒廃した耕地では条里地番がとられなくなる傾向が進む。さらに12世紀後半から14世紀前半の時期では、それが荘園や所領単位ごとに再編されるため形骸(けいがい)化して条里地割と分離し、その後はほとんどの地方で姿を消すのである。条里制の変容と崩壊の時期である。

［服部昌之］

条里遺構

条里地割は現代にその遺構を伝え、奈良盆地、京都盆地、大阪平野を中心に、瀬戸内海沿岸から北九州、あるいは近江(おうみ)盆地、伊勢(いせ)平野、濃尾(のうび)平野、福井平野などに広く分布し、そこには三条、七里、五坪などの条里地名が多数遺存している。また東北地方の秋田平野、横手盆地、南九州の国分(こくぶ)平野、川内川(せんだいがわ)下流平野、あるいは佐渡(さど)、隠岐(おき)、小豆島(しょうどしま)などの離島や、高山盆地、阿蘇(あそ)火口原などの山間盆地においても、その遺構が確認されている。古代の耕地区画の大部分が荒廃と再開発を繰り返して改変されながらも現代まで維持されてきたことを示しているが、最近の都市化と圃場(ほじょう)整備によって急速に遺構が消滅しつつある。また一方、発掘調査が進んで、地下に埋没した条里地割の水田址(し)が数多く明らかにされて注目されているものもある。

［服部昌之］

『落合重信著『条里制』（1967・吉川弘文館）』

条里地割と地番法

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例

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